The Chapters of my Grandmothers Life Essay Example for Free

The Chapters of my Grandmothers Life EssayAn amazing, talented completely teenaged at heart woman who has hoary with complete grace and honesty this is my nanna, Gloria Whelan. I have dozens of perfectly clear memories from my childhood that would not be the same without her. I have perpetually respected, admired, and attempted to pursue the astonishing way she has woven her faith and love into every aspect of her life. My grandmother recently had her eightieth birthday and is currently spirit in Northern Michigan with her husband Joseph. She has enjoyed a rewarding and successful career as a childrens author, and is well respected by her husband, friends, peers, and family. Her life, like umteen of her books, can be divided into chapters and the occasional picture that combine to paint the portrait of a truly remarkable woman. As we open the book of my grandmothers life, we turn back it began with a comfortable lifestyle, growing up as an only child. This was quickly cata pulted into a much more meager living along with all families of the States as the Great Depression struck.Her father lost everything he had, and her family was forced to move into apartment housing owned by her uncle. Everyone in her extended family had experient a similar horrible loss and my grandmother found herself living amongst all her aunts and uncles. As an only child, she unconsciously seemed to fall into the roles of hero and lost child, come down into books in her spare time by always aiming high to reach her goals. Her relatives took on the mascot roles where holes had been left by the lack of siblings and she recalls many of their quirks or family humor from parties.The universe and difficulty of their loss was an incredible burden to her parents, and my grandmother felt that this affected her greatly. It caused to her always appreciate what she had, not only in terms of monetary time value but also in terms of strong faith, hope for the future, family support, and good relationships. She always regretted not having a sibling, especially during these rough times where she found herself meet mostly by adults.During grade school, she pretended she had an older brother, and even named him Lancelot Reginald Bartholomew which obviously displays her creativity and love for imagination at an early age. Another thing that my grandmother regrets deeply was her parents being so overprotective. As an only child, it can be expected that parents are more defensive however, my grandmothers parents did not allow her to get in in any physical activities, by herself or with other children. She was not allowed to bike, skate, or swim, and as a result never learned to how to do these on the face of it universal activities.She feels that sports and exercise are important to social development and confidence as well as a sense of belonging with peers. At the young age of eight my grandmother came down with rheumatic fever which had her bedridden for a full yea r. Obviously, for an eight-year-old this is a very traumatic feat, which my grandmother found herself overcoming by diving into books. It was the beginning of a love that led to her career far before she could have guessed. It also allowed for introspective, personal time, which likely led to her great disposition of herself and others.

Jungian archetypes in today’s global society Essay Example for Free

Jungian archetypes in todays international society EssayThis essay presents Jungian archetypes derived from the metaphysical formulations of Carl Gustav Jung aimed at understanding their impacts in todays global society. This essay also presents a list of individuals noted for their contributions for changing the image of the world whole different from those of the Medieval Periods and from these thoughts one tail end imagine the prospects of the future.This essay concludes with the citation of some present-day mortalalities, technologies, and significant events as objects of Jungs archetypes. Jungs theory of personality has tremendous influence on sociologythe science of society, social institutions, and social relationships or specifically the systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of unionised groups of hu mankind being beings (Merriam-Webster 2004).In order to appreciate the impact of the personality theory of Jung in soci ological settings, it is necessary to mention key components of the theoretical constructs foremost of which is the collective unconscious(p)in which Jungian archetypes reside. The Ego is the conscious mindit is the seat of perceptions, memories, thoughts, and feelings from the viewpoint of an individual person it is regarded as the center of consciousness, write Hall Lindsey (118).The Personal unconscious mind is the region adjoining the ego consists of experiences that were once conscious but which have been repressed, suppressed, forgotten, or ignored (118). Under the Personal Unconscious argon various(a) complexesthe organized group or constellation of feelings, thoughts, perceptions, and memories that have mental life of their own and have the capacity to seize the personality and to utilize for its end, like Napoleons lust for power (118).The Collective Unconsciousconsidered as the storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from ones ancestral past, a past that includ es not only the racial history of humans as a separate species but their prehuman or tool ancestry as well It is the psychic residue of human evolutionary development, a residue that accumulates as a consequence of repeated experiences over many generations. If we humans today are afraid, for workout, of the dark or of snakes, it is because our primitive parents encountered many dangers in the dark and were victims of poisonous snakes, write Hall and Lindzey (118).And what a person learns is substantially influenced by the collective unconscious that exercises a directive or selective influence over the behavior of the person from the very beginning of life. Furthermore, the two unconscious regions of the mind, the personal and the collective, can be of immense dish up to humans the unconscious holds possibilities which are locked away from the conscious mind, for it has its disposal all subliminal contents, all those things which have been forgotten or overlooked, as well a s the wisdom and experience of uncounted centuries, which are laid down in its archetypal organs (119-120).The structural components of the collective unconscious are called by various names archetypes primordial images mythological images, and behavior patterns quotes Hall and Lindzey of Jung (1943). An archetype is a universal thought (idea) form that contains a large element of emotion (Hall and Lindzey 120). An example is the mother archetypean image or a perception of an individual accept by an infant irregardless of race anywhere in the world. How can this happen? It is a permanent deposit in the mind of an experience that has been constantly repeated for many generations. (Hall and Lindzey 121). Another example is an image of the fair weather which has been chancen by all inhabitants of the world (except the blinds) rose in the east and set on the west horizonsso that certain concepts and images of a supreme deity are off-shoots of the sun archetype (121). In a similar m anner, humans have been exposed through their existence to innumerable instances of great natural forcesearthquakes, waterfalls, floods, hurricanes, lightning, forest fires Out of these experiences on that point has developed an archetype of energy (121).On the other hand, two or more archetypes sometimes fuse together so that one can see the person of a Hitler as a form of fused archetypes of demon and hero so that one gets a satanic leader. Furthermore, myths, dreams, visions, rituals, neurotic and psychotic symptoms, and whole shebang of art contain a great deal of archetypal material, and constitute the best source of knowledge regarding archetypes, write Hall and Lindzey (122-123).Jung identified four key archetypes in his personality theorythey are briefly described here, namely The Personais a mask adopted by the person in reaction to the demands of social convention and tradition and to his or her own inner archetypal needs, quote Hall and Lindzey of Jung (1945). This p ersona is the role assigned to one by society, the get out that society expects one to play in life. The purpose of the mask is to make a definite impression upon others and it often conceals the real nature of the person.The persona is the human race personality contrasted with private personality that exists behind the social facade (Hall and Lindzey 122). The person archetype originates out of the experiences of the race in this case, the experiences consist of social interactions in which the supposal of a social role has served a useful purpose to humans throughout their history as social animals (122). The Anima and the Animusit is fairly well recognized and accepted that a human is a bisexual animal. On a physiological level, the male secretes both male and female sex hormones, as does the female.On the psychological level, masculine and feminine characteristics are found in both sexes. The feminine archetype in man is called the anima, the masculine archetype in charwom an is called the animus, quote Hall and Lindzey of Jung (1945, 1954b). These archetypes are the products of the racial experiences of man with woman and woman with man by living with woman throughout the ages man has be capture feminized by living with man woman has become masculinized (122-123). The Shadow archetype consists of the animal instincts that humans inherited in their evolution from lower forms of life, cites Hall and Lindzey of Jung (1948a).Consequently, the shadow typifies the animal side of human nature. As an archetype, the shadow is responsible for our conception of original sin when it is projected outward it becomes the devil and an enemy. It is responsible for the appearance in consciousness and behavior of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings and actions. These then may either be hidden from public view by the persona or repressed into the personal unconscious (Hall and Lindzey 123). The Self archetype expresses itself in various symbols, t he chief one being the mandala or magic circle, writes Jung (1955a).The self according to Jung is the summation unity of all the systems that make up the personality. The self holds these systems together and provides the personality with unity, equilibrium, and stability. The self is lifes goal, a goal that people constantly attain for but rarely reach it motivates human behavior and causes one to search for wholeness especially through the avenues provided by religion, and it is here where the figures of Christ and Buddha are as highly differentiated expressions of the self archetype as one will find in the modern world, write Hall Lindzey (124).The foregoing presented an overview of the key Jungian archetypes. Hall and Lindzey write that the most salient feature of Jungs theory of personality is the emphasis that he places upon the forward-going character of personality development that humans are constantly happening or attempting to progress from a less complete stage o f development to a more complete one and that mankind as a species is constantly evolving more differentiated forms of existence (134).Table 1 shows the Table of Contents of a special edition of the Readers Digest magazine publisher capturing the significant contributions of popular and important persons the world has ever produced so far. Each one of the persons mentioned walked in the alleys of human endeavors leaving a legacy that benefited many generations to come after theirs including todays generation. Table 1. Table of Contents of a Pocket Book on popular and important subjects. Adapt from Readers Digest (n. d. ) I. Giants of the knowledge base of ScienceCopernicus The man who moved the World (pp. 3-8) GalileoBold Discoverer (pp.9-14)Sir Isaac Newton, Explorer of the Universe (pp. 15-20) The Evolution of Charles Darwin (pp. 21-28) Albert Einstein, the man, and the Theory (pp. 29-33). II. They Opened Our MindsSocrates A one-man(prenominal) Turning Point in History (pp. 37 -42) What Plato Says to Us (pp. 43-48) Aristotle Master Mind of 300 B. C. (pp. 49-52) Listen to Wisdom of Confucius (pp. 53-56) William James and the Adventure of Being Human (pp. 57-66) Emersons vital Message for Today (pp. 67-74). III. They Sought the True WayThe Man Called Jesus (pp. 77-82)Saint Paul Apostle to All Men (pp. 83-88) Islam the Misunderstood Religion (pp.89-98) Buddha, The learned person One (pp. 99-104). IV. They Fought for DemocracyThomas Jefferson, Architect of Democracy (pp. 107-112) The Prodigious Gifts of Benjamin Franklin (pp. 113-118) Woodrow Wilsons fight for Peace (pp. 119-124) We Must Never Deny Our Gratitude A portraiture of Winston Churchill (pp. 125-130). V. They Opened the DoorColumbus He Knew the World Was Round (pp. 133-140)Westward With Lewis and Clark (pp. 141-148) And Then Came Ford (pp. 149-158) Alexander Graham Bell The Man Who Tied the World Together (pp. 159-164). VI. Apostle of Human RightsAbraham Lincolns Hardest Decision (pp.167-172) Mr. Thoreau of Walden Pond (pp. 173-180) Gandhi Apostle of Non-Violence (pp. 181-188). VII. Giants of the finessesLeonardo da Vinci The Firs Modern (pp. 191-198) Delacroix He Opened the Door to Modern Art (pp. 199-202)Pablo Picasso, Artist of the Century (pp. 203-208) Beethoven the Incredible (pp. 209-214) Frederic Chopin Poet of the Piano (pp. 215-218) Mozart, Musics Wonder Child (pp. 219-224). VIII. They Took Us Into the FutureThe Day the Atomic Age Was born(p) (pp. 227-232) We Tamed Penicillin (pp. 233-238) With Ranger VII-To the Moon (pp. 239-245). What is the goal of human development?Toward what end are humans and mankind striving? Hall and Lindzeys answer to these questions is this the eventual(prenominal) goal is summed up by the term self-realization. Self-realization means the fullest, most complete differentiation and harmonious blending of all aspects of a humans total personality. To this end, there is one significant thing that appears to be consistent in all human hi storythis is what Hall and Lindzey write as progress which did not stop with the creation of humans just as humans represent an advancement over all other species of animals, so does civilized man represent an improvement over primitive man (134).Meanwhile, Koontz, ODonnell, and Heinz Weihrich, write Every group of people that performs near its total capability has some person as its head who is skilled in the art of leadership with at least three major ingredientsthe ability to comprehend that human beings have differing motivate forces at varying times and in different situations, the ability to inspire, and the ability to act in a way that will develop a mode for responding to an arousing motivations (663).Who are the prime persons and entities in the 1990s and in the current decade that could have influenced the direction of the world affairs in todays global society? I have a few names to mention before ending this essay the introduction of the internet in the early 1990s th at almost shattered the communication barriers overnight with Bill Gatess Microsoft Internet Explorer George W. Bush, Sr.and the first Gulf War in the centre East that reinforced the resentment of the Muslim world against Christendom and in particular the United States Osama Bin Landen and the 9/11 terrorism George W. Bush, Jr. and Weapons of Mass last with Iraq War astronomy and the Hubble Space Telescope that captured close-up photos of far-flung universes never before seen (Voit) and the twin rovers that traversed the Martian face with Intels microprocessors as enablers of nanotechnology.These never-ceasing human endeavors reflect Jungs archetypal descriptions present in all human undertakings in any given society around the world. References Hall, Calvin S. , and Gardner Lindzey. Theories of Personality. 3rd Ed.. New York, NY Wiley, 1978. Koontz, Harold, Cyril ODonnell, and Heinz Weihrich. Management. 7th ed. Tokyo, lacquer McGraw, 1980. They Changed Our World. Editors of Rea ders Digest. USA Berkely, (n. d. ). Voit, Mark. Hubble space telescope new views of the universe. Ed. Himmel, Eric. New York, NY Abrams.

Sympathy In The Story Perfume English Literature Essay

Sympathy In The Story Perfume English Literature EssayAs Perfume created by Suskind unravels the paper of an olfactory vampire, the ratifier is introduced to its tragic anti-hero JeanBaptiste Grenouille the literal translation of which is frog, an amphibian known for its despicable appearance and keen sense of smell. Grenouille is introduced with traits like arrogance, misanthropy, immorality, or, more succinctly, wickedness1. born(p) amidst the stench and the squalor of Paris with streets that stank of manure, the stench of costic Iyes from the tanneries2, Grenouille is rejected by his mother at his birth and by cutting of the umbilical cord with her gutting knife3she disassociates and distances herself from him forever. unconnected her four still births, who she left to die, Grenouille survived in this repulsive and sickening neighborhood to evolve into a serial killer.This childhood trauma of abandonment and abuse and the antic way in which the mother literally leaves Grenoui lle to fend for himself in the foetid odour of burnt animal horn4evokes pity and sympathy for the baby.These smells create an halo and prepare the reader for what has yet to come. He is pachydermicly dumped in an orphanage where the other children almost asphyxiate him to goal but he survived the measles, chicken pox, a twenty buns fall into a well and a scalding with boiling water poured over his chest5which left him with a slightly crippled foot6and a limp but he lived.7Any other child faced with such traumatic experience without the care of a mothers warmth would mother breathed his last, but non Grenouille. He was a survivor and ironically lived in the claustrophobic world of eighteenth century France in which he was overpowered by olfactoryexperiences.The House of the liven up crafted by Isabelle Allende is set against the backdrop of political turmoil and social upheaval of Chile a politically volatile earth in Latin America. Esteban Trueba belonged to that minority of socially and economically elite class which controlled the fortunes of the majority peasants and laborers. He is the outcome of an alliance between his wealthy mother Dona Ester Trueba and a good for nonhing immigrant8father who squandered away the wealth leaving his children to resurrect their lives. Esteban is, like Grenouille, devoid of warm, caring touch of his mother since she was immobile in her chair and was put back into her bed, propped up in the half seated position that was the only one her arthritis allowed9. Being in the company of a specie driven father and a bed ridden mother, Esteban Trueba is a character sculpted by the circumstances. His had been a childhood of privations, discomfort, harshness, interminable night-time rosaries, fear, and guilt.10In Perfume the uncanny exposition of Grenouille committing his first murder accidentally to capture the smell of a young virgin elicits two strong emotions from the reader repulsion for killing an innocent bewildermen t at having not assaulted herHowever,Grenouillerealized the meaning and goal and purpose of his life had a higher destiny nothing less than to revolutionize the odiferous world.11A murder had been father of his splendor. If he was at all aware of the fact, it was a matter of total indifference to him.12Later, when he begs Baldini to give him work the reader wants him to succeed even though we hope that he fails. Moreover, in his ruthless killing of young girls in pursuit of a distilled, pure scent, we are morbidly fascinated by the vials of nitty-gritty yet sickened by our own thoughts. The reader is confronted with Grenouilles desperation and his need for acceptance for which he would go to any length. At the end of his self imposed hibernation, he realizes that only one odour was not there-his own odor13, a scream as dreadful and loud as if he were being burned-out alive14came out of him.Since Grenouille determines identity through smell and the fact that he cannot smell himsel f brings himthe realisation that he does not carry an identity. He experiences the fear of not knowing anything about himself. The reader identifies and sympathises with the insecurity that Grenouille possesses, because he has no odour and thus he is an outcast in society.Similarly, Esteban is a savage and a angry in Tres Marias tumbling young girls on the rushes of the riverbanksowing the entire region with his bastard offspring.15However, Tres Marias is the microcosm of the systematic and generational abuse of the labour class and Esteban represents the autocratic dictator. he could tolerate no opposition he viewed the slightest disagreement as a provocation16This evokes extreme dislike for Esteban but by bringing out the callous and insensitive side of Esteban, Allende depicts the oligarchy that controlled the government, preventing the voice of the people from being shewed.The peasants had not heard of unions, or Sundays off, or the minimum wages.17Atrocities were committed a gainst the citizens as torture, beatings, and bungle was common practice. Esteban Truebas rape of PanchaGarca is a reflection of the exploitation of the peasant classes by the upper classes. Thus, Esteban is a metaphor for all the ills plaguing the society at that time. He has to be seen not as a cruel patriarch but embodiment of the rotting, declining system that mirrors the class struggle, the gender bias and the political dichotomy.Both books play along the tradition of bildungsroman the protagonists generate an emotional loss in the beginning of the story and both feature their journey through life, conflicts between them and society and their steely determination to excel and follow the path they have chartered for themselves. Grenouille found purpose to his life in Baldinis perfumery and Suskind cheats the reader into believing that they are witness to a genius in making. Grenouille is driven, besides obsessed with the idea of perfecting the best perfume. The reader admire s his passion, his frantic pace of rushing against time to prove something to himself for which he suffered tiny cramped living quarters, surviving on bare minimum food and winning the battle against life threatening syphilitic small pox.In The House of the spirits Esteban Truebas cruel treatment of his wife, daughter, and feminine workers represents Allendes depiction of females as sexual objects. But despite the fact that Esteban rapes, pillages, kills and conspires, he never entirely loses the readers sympathy. It is a remarkable achievement to make the old ogre lovable not just to his wife, daughter, and granddaughter, and the other women in his life, but also to the reader. This is done through the third voice that belongs to Esteban Trueba, whose first person accounts serve to express either his intense passion or his acute suffering. Im the patron here now. Esteban is a complex character as his words would reveal. Had these words not been there, we would have summarily dism issed him as a fiendish rogue. Despite his hatred of peasants, Esteban is driven by a desire for the attention and affection of others. Approaching death however, he begins to see the negative outcomes of his violent, selfish actions and becomes increasingly aware of how lonely he is.The gothic and the gruesome start early in The House of the Spirits with Clara witnessing the autopsy of her sister and the assistant ravaging her corpse. When Nivea meets with an accident and her head is split from her body and thrown away in the bushes an acute chill runs down the readers book binding which is further accentuated by the head being brought and placed in the basement of the house. These gory images coupled with a matter of fact tone to bring ahead the massacre, violence and Albas captivity during the coup serve to highlight that the characters and their situations are mirrors of the clash and turmoil in Chile at that time.We respond to the tragic and repulsive personality of the unfo rtunate Grenouille and Esteban with a certain amount of horror and pity. Grenouilles mastery at creating an unparalleled perfume is not overshadowed by the mass orgy that he evokes on dousing himself with this perfume made from the skin of virgins. It is ironic that each man, each woman, in the hands of the little man in the blue frock pelage for better or worse loved him.18Ironic also because of the terror instilled by the murders that went into the making of the scent. We admire his intelligence and his amazing sense of smell which leads to his mastery in achieving acceptance from society. He does not kill others for pleasure, but to obtain their scent. For this reasons his victims were only the ones who Grenouille thought had extraordinary scents. Since the reader knows that scent represents identity it could be state that Grenouilles motive for murdering his victims is to acquire an identity.Suskind and Alendes writing techniques are also distinctive in the way that they use p hrases and imagery to make violent and grotesque descriptions realistic and repulsive. They brood their claws and teeth into his flesh, they attacked him like hyenas19and Esteban wore a tiny suede bag in it were his wifes false teeth, which he treated as a token of good set and expiation20Through these techniques, we are drawn into the world of Grenouille and Esteban.Esteban and Grenouille follow the path that they charter for themselves. In their pursuit to seek identity and acceptance, they commit unforgivable crimes for which the reader does not pardon them but accepts their reasons for doing so. They hold a mirror to the society and ask the question who really is the monster?

Understanding The Stereochemistry Of Organic Compounds Environmental Sciences Essay

Understanding The Stereochemistry Of Organic Compounds Environmental Sciences EssayStereoisomers argon outlined as molecules of identical atomic compositions (molecular verbalisms), yet with different stick toing line of battles of atoms or druthers of their atoms in space. Based on this definition, several types of isomerism be possible including fundamental, configurational, and conformational isomerism. Constitutional isomers (also called structural or positional isomers) ar molecules with the same atomic composition except different alignmenting arrangements between atoms, as illustrated by theexamples of catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone . All of these compounds view as the same atomic composition (C6H6O2), nevertheless different bonding arrangements of atoms and argon therefrom distinct chemical entities with different chemical and animal(prenominal) properties.Stereochemistry (from the the greek stereos,meaning solid) refers to chemistry in three dimension s.Since most molecules are three dimension , stereochemistry ,infact, prevade all chemistry.It is non so much a branch of the subject as a point of view, and wheather one choose to take this point of view in every given situation depends on the problem one wants to solve and on the tools one has available to solve it.We factorize stereochemistry into its ststic and dynamic aspects.STATIC stereochemistry (better called stereochemistry of molecules) deals with the counting of stereoisomer, with their structure, with their energy and with their physical and most of their spectral property.DYNAMIC stereochemistry(stereochemistry of reaction) deals with the stereochemical requirement and stereochemical outcome of chemical reactions, including interconversion of conformational isomerms.If we represent the following imaginary molecule with no stereochemistry, there is nothing apparently peculiar(prenominal) most itHowever, if we represent it fully, including the position of atoms in spa ce, it becomes apparent that the description above is vague, as it encompasses two molecules those down the stairsThis is what stereochemistry is we merchant ship define compounds into many way and shadow also originate many new compouds.So stereochemistry is chemistry that studies the property of isomers.HISTORYHistorically the origins of stereochemistry stem from the discovery of plane polarized spark by the French physicist MALUS.In 1815 biot note that certain natural organic compounds rotate plane polarized lightness asARGO(1811), discovered that a quartz plate, cut at a right angle to its crystal axis ,rotates the plane polarized light through an angle proportional to the thickness of the plate. S ome quartz crystal rotate towards go away while some to the right.However in 1847 LOUIS PASTEUR find that equimolar solution of seprated mixture dedicate equal but opposite optical activity.In 1874 LEBEL and VANT-HOFF proposes that carbon with 4 attachment is tetrahedral and a molecule having a teahedral geometry will exist as pair of two isomer.ISOMERISMIsomers are defined as molecules of identical atomic compositions (molecular formulas), but with different bonding arrangements of atoms or orientation of their atoms in space. Based on this definition, several types of isomerism are possible including constitutional, configurational, and conformational isomerism. Constitutional isomers (also called structural or positional isomers) are molecules with the same atomic composition but different bonding arrangements between atoms, as illustrated by theexamples of catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone . All of these compounds perplex the same atomic composition (C6H6O2), but different bonding arrangements of atoms and are thus distinct chemical entities with different chemical and physical properties.GEOMETRIC ISOMERISMGeometric isomers lease the same empirical formula or molecular formula and also the same structural formula, but book a different recoun ting arrangement of the substituent assemblages. For example, the two geometric isomers of 1,2-dichloroethene ( rule 2) have the molecular formula of C2H2Cl2, and the same structural formula of Cl(H)C=C(H)Cl, but the relative position of the two chlorine atoms can either be the same gradient of the C=C double bond (i.e., cis, see send off 2a) or on opposite sides of the C=C double bond (i.e., trans, see Figure 2b). The use of cis and trans is not limited to organic compounds such as olefins, but can also be utilise in metal complexes, e.g., Figure 3.Figure 2 The two geometric isomers of 1,2-dichloroethene. Figure 3 Examples of (a) cis and (b) trans geometric isomers for metal complexes. When it is not possible to reveal geometric isomers by the basis cis or trans, the terms facial (fac, Figure 4a) or meridinal (mer, Figure 4b) are commonly employed. Examples of (a) fac and (b) mer geometric isomers for metal complexes.POLARIMETRY AND OPTICAL ROTATIONPolarized light is obtained by passing ordinary light through a polarizer , such as nicol prism.The orientation of the polarizers axis of polarization determines the plane of the resulting polarized light.OPTICAL ACTIVITY-Unpolarized light from a suitable source is do to pass through a polarizer that usually consists of a pair of crossed Nichol prisms. The light leaving the polarizer is plane polarized and, in the diagram, the angle of the Nichol prisms has been adjusted to produce steeply polarized light. This light is then passed through a tube containing the sample. If the sample is optically active, the plane of the polarized light will be rotated, as shown in figure The outcome of whirling will depend on the polarizability of the substance and its concentration. The light from the sample cell is then passed through an different pair of crossed Nichol prisms called the analyzer. The analyzer prisms are then rotated so that the transmitted light is again vertically polarized. The angle through which th e analyzer has been turned is called the angle of polarization. Clockwise rotation of polarized light is designated as (+) and anti clockwise rotation as ( ). The established method of defining rotation is that the (+) isomer is termed dextro and the ( ) isomer laevo.Optical activities of enantiomerA pair of enantiomer are distinguised by their optical activites because a pair of enantiomers rotates the plane of polarized light by equal amounts in opposite direction.In a mixture of two enantiomers, each contribute to the optical rotation in proportion to its concentration.It follows that a sample containing equal amounts of two enantiomer must have an observed optical rotation of zero.Enantiomer of tartaric acid isENANTIOMEREnantiomers are compounds that have the same ordering of atoms as each other, but that differ from one another when viewed in three dimensions. The compound drawn to the left is an enantiomer because it has the H3C group projecting up from the page toward the re ader. The corresponding enantiomer would have the H3C group projecting below the page away from the reader. A racemic mixture refers to a 5050 mixture of two corresponding enantiomers.CHIRALITYChirality is a structural property of an object. An object is utter to bechiral if its mirror image can not be setd with itself by the means of rotations. The most familiar example of a chiral object is our hand. To see this, we world-class have to convince ourselves that our two hands are mirror images of each other. Then we can spend hours rotating our two hands around and trying to superimpose them point-to-point, only to find out that it is impossible. Thus a human hand is a chiral object. An object is said to be achiral if its mirror image is its exact echoDIASTEREOMERThey are different physical/chemical properties in chiral/achiral environments.Stereoisomers that are not enantiomer are called diastereomers.FISHER PROJECTIONFischer sound projections are used to visually describe vari ous isomers of the same compound in two dimensions. They are also used as a basic test for optical activity (or chirality). The Fischer projection looks like a cross, with the (invisible) asymmetric carbon located at the points where the lines cross. The horizontal lines are taken to be wedges, or bonds that project out of the plane of the paper. The vertical lines are taken to project away form the viewer, or back below the plane of the paper, as dashed lines.CONFIGURATIONConfigurational isomers are defined as molecules of identical atomic composition and bonding arrangements of atoms, but different orientations of atoms in space, and these different orientations cannot interconvert freely by bond rotation. Since these types of isomers differ only in relative spatial orientations of atoms, they are commonly referred to as stereoisomers. Configurational stereoisomers are subcategorized as optical isomers (enantiomers) or geometric isomers (Fig. 2), depending upon the hybridization s tate and geometry of the atoms that impart the properties of stereoisomerism and the boilersuit structure of the molecule. Stereoisomers of this type are distinct chemical entities that may have different chemical and physical properties.CONFORMATIONConformational isomers (conformers) are stereoisomeric forms characterized by different relative spatial arrangements of atoms that result from rotation about sigma bonds. Thus, unlike configurational isomers, conformers are interconverting stereochemical forms of a single compound.STEREOCHEMICAL CORRELATIONThe absolute configuration of most organic compounds are determined instead by using chemical reaction correlate with other compounds of known absolute compounds is known as stereochemical correlation.STEREOCHEMISTRY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONNo chemical reaction can be planned without stereochemical details,and no chemical reaction can be planned without considering problems oe stereochemistry that might arise.A.STEREOCHEMICHEMISTRY OF ADD ITION REACTIONAn sum reaction can occur in either of two stereochemically different ways,called syn addition and anti addition.Stereochemistry of an addition can be determined only when the stereochemically different modes of addition give rise to stereochemically different products.Syn and anti addition gives different products only when both carbons of the double bond becomes carbon stereocentre in the product.STEREOCHEMISTRY OF SUBSITITUTION REACTIONA substitution reaction can occur in two stereochemically different ways, called retention of configuration and inversion of configuration then x and x have the same relative stereochemical position.Substation rxn with retention of configuration isIt implies that if x and x have the same relative priorities in the R,S system then the carbon that undergoes subsititution will have the same configuration in the reactant and the product.When the subsititution occur with inversion of configuration then x and x have different relative ster eochemical positions.Subsititution with inversion of configuration isThey have same relative priorities in the R,S system, then the carbon that undergoes substitution must have opposite configuration in the reactant and the product.Stereochemistry of ReactionsTwo products are formed when a chiral substrate that possesses an asymmetric, electrophilic carbon is applied in an reaction. One of them has the same absolute configuration as the starting product (if, according to the CIP rules, the leaving group and the nucleophile have the same position in the priority order of the substituents), which is called retention. In contrast, the other product possesses the opposite absolute configuration, known as inversion. In reactions, the nucleofuge exits the substrate sooner the nucleophilic attack can ever occur. Thus, an intermediate carbocation is then formed. Due to the carbocations trigonal planar shape, its two enantiotopic sides are susceptible to attack by the nucleophile with the s ame probability.Stereochemistry ofReactionsIf a pure enantiomer is applied to an reaction, three different stereochemical results are conceivableThe initial spatial arrangement of the reaction centers substituents remains (retention).The initial substituents spatial arrangement is inverted (inversion).Retention, as well as inversion takes place. If retention and inversion occur to the same degree, the reaction yields a racemate (racemization).Stereochemistry of E2 EliminationIn the E2 elimination reaction, the carbon-hydrogen sigma bond and the carbon-leaving group sigma bond must lie in the same plane. This allows the orbitals to begin to overlap to form the pi bond as the bonds to the hydrogen and the leaving group are broken. There are two possible planar arrangements of these bonds both on the same side of the C-C bond (syn-coplanar) or on opposite sides of the C-C bond (anti-coplanar)In syn the bond from the carbon to the leaving group (green) and the bond from the other carbon to the hydrogen (blue) are syn-coplanar. The dihedral angle between these bonds is zero degrees. This conformation is eclipsed about the carbon-carbon bondIn anti the bond from the carbon to the leaving group (green) and the bond from the other carbon to the hydrogen (blue) are anti-coplanar. The dihedral angle between these bonds is clxxx degrees. This conformation is staggered about the carbon-carbon bond. Because this conformation is more stable than the eclipsed conformation required for syn elimination, anti elimination is preferred in E2 reactionsSTEREOCHEMISTRY OF ALKANEConformationsAlkane conformers arise from rotation around sp3 hybridised carbon carbon sigma bonds. The smallest alkane with such a chemical bond, ethane, exists as an infinite number of conformations with respect to rotation around the C-C bond. Two of these are recognised as energy minimum (staggered) and energy maximum (eclipsed) forms. The existence of specific conformations is due to hindered rotation a round sigma bonds, although a role for hyperconjugation is proposed by a competing theory.CONSTITUTIONAL ISOMERThere are different types of isomer.Isomers such as butane and isobutane that differ in the connectivity of their atom are termed as constitutional isomer.butane and isobutane are only constitutional isomer with the formulaC4H10 .However ,more constitutional isomer are possibles for alkane with more carbon atoms.STEREOCHEMISTRY OF ALKENEThe stereochemistry of halogen addition is unequivocally determined by the anti addition and the almost completely restricted rotation of the carbon-carbon bond of the halonium ion. Therefore, the bromination of cis-2-butene yields a racemate of (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-dibromobutane, whereas the bromination of trans-2-butene yields the meso compound.CIS TRANS GEOMETRY OF ALKENEIf alkenes have two different substituents at each end of the C=C then they can exist as stereoisomers (as geometric isomers ).This is because there is restricted rotati on of the double bond due to the pi bondCIS TRANSE-Z agreementThe cis- / trans- style is based on the longest chain whereas the E/Z style is based on a set of priority rules.You need to know both styles.Z SYSTEM cis-but-2-eneor (Z)-but-2-eneThe E- and Z- style is more reliable and particularly suited to highly substituted alkenes, especially when the substituents are not alkyl groups.STEREOCHEMISTRY-FUTURE PROSPECTUS AND APLLICATION1.Temperature modulation of the stereochemistry of enzymatic catalys.2.It is used in medical purpose for malarial prevention, control and research3.The HeI resonance line used for UPS was produced by DC discharge of pure helium gas.4. Stereochemistry is highly used in biochemistry in various purposes like enzyme catalyst e.t.c.5. Penning ionization is known to be one of the most important types of chemical reaction in aerospace.Steric shielding effect of methyl group an penning ionization in subsitutional aniline.6. Stereochemistry is always used in disc overing new compounds7. Stereochemistry is used to know the property and other new property of the existing compound or the compounds not known..REFRENCESHehre, W.J.(1975),J.AM.CHEMKARLE J.(1973),ELECTRON DIFRACTION IN NACHOD,F.C AND ZUKERMAN, VOL 5 P12.ELIEL L. ERNEST(2009),STEREOCHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS,WILEY STUDENT EDITIONLOUDON MARC G.(2009),4th EDITON ,ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ,OXFORD UNIERSITY PRESSWEBSITEhttp//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ billExample_of_stereoisomershttp//www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http//img121.imageshack.us/img121/5564/81111276.jpgimgrefurl=http//www.chemicalforums.com/index.WWW.CHEMISTRY.UKwww.wileyindia/chem.com

Transition Elements And Coordination Compounds Biology Essay

Transition Elements And Coordination Compounds Biology EssayAs we know, Manganese is found in the showtime row of transition metal with the negatron configuration Ar 3d5 4s2. Besides that, Manganese has different type of oxidization states when it appears as a compound and the oxidation state is from Mn(-III) until Mn(VII). So, we know that the compounds of manganese range in the oxidation number have a different of 10 electrons. In the try out 1, we prepare tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III), Mn(acac)3 by using manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate and potassium permanganate act as oxidation agent to oxidise manganese(II) chloride to acetylacet hotshotmanganese(III).Manganese(III) acetylacetonate is an one- electron oxidant. Manganese(III) acetylacetonateis high spin. It has overly a distorted octahedral composite body part. This distortion is ascribable to the Jahn-Teller effect. (Absolute Astronomy, 2009). The structure of Manganese(III) acetylacetonate is shown as below-(S ource Tcieurope.com)The equation is as hound-MnCl2 + 4H2O Mn(H2O)4Cl2Mn(H2O)4 Cl + 2HC5H7O2 + NaC2H3O2 Mn(C5H7O2)2 + NaCl + HC2H2O24Mn(C5H7O2)2 + KMnO4 + 7HC5H7O2 + HC2H3O2 5Mn(C5H7O2)3 + KC2H3O2 + 4H2OFurthermore, bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) is also cognize as Vanadyl acetylacetonate, VO(acac)2. As we know, it is a blue green complex. bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) has a vanadyl collection, VO2+. The vanadyl group is bonded to 2 acetylacetonate anions and the structure of the compound is as follow-This complex can be made from vanadium(IV) or vanadium(V). In our experiment, bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) was prepared from vanadium(V) oxide and the equation is as follow-V2O5 + 2H2SO4 + EtOH 2VOSO4 + 3H2O + CH3CHOVOSO4 + 2HC5H7O2 + Na2CO3 VO(C5H7O2)2 + Na2So4 + H2O + CO2(Absolute Astronomy, 2009)Besides that, both of the acetylacetonato (acac) groups of bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) are able to be flipd with organic ligands having coordinating atoms of dif ferent potentialities. (Maurya, 2003)Both Manganese(III) acetylacetonate and bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) are bond with acetylacetonate which known as ligand. The precursor for acetylacetonate is acetylacetone with formula C5H8O2. However, acetylacetonate is an anion. It can bind to corresponding cation but it very hard to exist as a free ion in solution.In addition, Cobalt is a hard, gray metal. It has a proton number 27. Besided that, there are two types of cobalt ions namely Co2+ and Co3+. First, Co3+ ion is more weaker than the Co2+ ion. However, the complex ion create with higher oxidation state is more stable. ( zmir Institute of Technology, n.d.). So that, Cobalt(III) complexes are kinetically inert.Co3+ can undergo a process known as ligand exchange reactions tardily which compared to Co2+ complexes. The cobalt(III) complexes are usually in octahedral shape. In the experiment, chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is being synthesized. The structure is as follow-(So urce Chemicalbook.com)The complex is prepared by the oxidation of ammoniac solution of cobalt(II) salts by using hydrogen peroxide. The formula is as follow-Co2+ + NH4+ + 1/2H202 Co(NH3)5H203+Co(NH3)5H203+ + 3Cl- Co(NH3)5ClCl2 + H20( zmir Institute of Technology, n.d.)Materials and Methods Experiment one5g of MnCl2.4H201.3g of NaC2H3O2.3H2O NaC2H3O2.3H2ODissolved in 200cm3 of distilled water.21cm3 of 2HC5H7O2 slowly added1g of KMnO4Present of two-phase layerSolution A added in with stirringDissolved in 50cm3 of distilled water.13g of NaC2H3O2.3H2OSolution B added inSolution ASolution BDissolved in 50cm3 of distilled water.Heated with 60oC for 30 minutesComplex washed with acetoneSolid complex filtered by suctionResultant solution was cooled with cold waterExperiment 2Experiment 3RecrystalliseResults For experiment 1,from the equation below, I can nourish the theoretical mass of the Mn(acac)3 consentient complex by Mn(H2O)4 Cl + 2HC5H7O2 + NaC2H3O2 Mn(C5H7O2)2 + NaCl + HC2H2O24 Mn(C5H7O2)2 + KMnO4 + 7HC5H7O2 + HC2H3O2 5Mn(C5H7O2)3 + KC2H3O2 + 4H2OFrom the equation, we know that 1 mol of Mn(H2O)4 Cl = 1 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2.So, 5 g of Mn(H2O)4 Cl = 0.0308 mol is also = 0.0308 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2.From the second equation, 4 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2 = 5 mol of Mn(acac)30.0308 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2 = 0.0385 mol. Of Mn(acac)3So, theoretical freight of Mn(acac)3 = 0.0385 mol X 252.938 g/moltheoretical weight of Mn(acac)3 = 9.7381 gThe quest shows the regularity to get our observational weightWeight of Sample tube14. 8180 gWeight of Sample tube + solid complex , Mn(acac)318.7785 gSo, the experimental weight of Mn(acac)3complexes were 3.9605 gPercentage yield of Mn(acac)3complexes we get was = 3.9605 g / 9.7381 g X 100 %= 40.67 %Next, magnetic moment of Mn(acac)3complexes were cypher as follow m = 0.9278g- 0.8193g= 0.1085gRo= -33L = 2.4cmR= 1165 (paramagnetic)CBal = 1X(g) = CBal X L X (R-Ro) / 109 X mX(g) of Mn(acac)3complexes = 2.65 X 10-5So, Mn(acac)3complexes are pa ramagneticFTIR exposition of IR spectrum for complexes go away be written in discussion.For experiment 2,from the equation below, I can get the theoretical mass of the Co(NH3)5ClCl2 solid complex by Co2+ + NH4+ + 1/2H202 Co(NH3)5H203+Co(NH3)5H203+ + 3Cl- Co(NH3)5ClCl2 + H20From the above equation, 1 mol of Co2+ = 1 mol of Co(NH3)5H2O3+12g of Co2+ = 0.0504 molSo 0.0504 mol of Co(NH3)5H203+= 0.0504 mol of Co(NH3)5ClCl2Theoretical weight of Co(NH3)5ClCl2 solid complexes = 0.0504 mol X 250.433 g/mol= 12.6218 gThe following shows the method to get our experimental weightWeight of Sample tube14. 9285 gWeight of Sample tube + solid complex ,22.3723 gSo, the experimental weight of Co(NH3)5ClCl2 solid complexes = 7.4438 gPercentage yield of Co(NH3)5ClCl2complexes = 7.4438 g / 12.6218 g X 100 %= 58.98 %Next, Magnetic moment of Co(NH3)5ClCl2complexes were calculated as follow m = 0.9264g- 0.8207g= 0.1057gRo= -36L = 2.1cmR= -41 (dimagnetic)CBal = 1X(g) = CBal X L X (R-Ro) / 109 X mX(g) of Co(NH3)5ClCl2complexes = -9.9338 X 10-8So, Co(NH3)5ClCl2complexes are diamagneticFTIRFor experiment 3,from the equation below, I can get the theoretical mass of the Vo(acac)2(H2O) solid complex by V2O5 + 2H2SO4 + EtOH 2VOSO4 + 3H2O + CH3CHOVOSO4 + 2HC5H7O2 + Na2CO3 VO(C5H7O2)2 + Na2So4 + H2O + CO2From the above equation, 1 mol of V2O5 = 2 mol of VOSO42g 0f V2O5 = 0.011 mol = 0.022 mol of VOSO42 mol of VOSO4 = 2 mol of VO(C5H7O2)2Theoretical weight of VO(C5H7O2)2= 0.022 mol X 264.94 g/mol= 5.8287 gThe following shows the method to get our experimental weightWeight of Sample tube14.8445 gWeight of Sample tube + solid complex ,18.5818 gSo, the experimental weight of VO(C5H7O2)2= 3.7373 gPercentage yield of VO(C5H7O2)2= 3.7373 g / 5.8287 g X 100%= 64.12%Next, Magnetic moment of alloyed VO(C5H7O2)2 complexes were calculated as follow m = 0.8880g 0.8244 g= 0.0636gRo= -34L = 2.5cmR= 72 (paramagnetic)CBal = 1X(g) = CBal X L X (R-Ro) / 109 X mX(g) of impure VO(C5H7O2)2complexes = 4.17 X 1 0-6So, VO(C5H7O2)2complexes are paramagneticMagnetic moment of pure VO(C5H7O2)2 complexes were calculated as follow m = 0.8947g -0.8211= 0.0736gRo= -33L = 2.3cmR= 144 (paramagnetic)CBal = 1X(g) of pure VO(C5H7O2)2complexes = 5.53 X 10-6FTIRInterpretation of IR spectrum for complexes will be written in discussion.Impure VO(C5H7O2)2Pure VO(C5H7O2)2Discussion Interpretation of IR spectrum for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III)Wavenumber (cm-1)Description of bands2921.1 2959.7-relative impregnation weakCH stretchiness of CH31593.91508.0-relative warmth inviolable-(C=C) stretchiness-(C=CH) straining1387.2-relative intensity loyal-(CH3)- symmetric C-H deformation1253.5-relative intensity strong-(C=C) stretching-(C-CH3) stretching1016.8-relative intensity strong-(CH3) out-of plane bending923.2-relative intensity strong-(C-CH3) stretching777.0-relative intensity strong-(C-H)deformation678.1-relative intensity medium/ strong-(C-CH3)stretching,(O=C-CH3) deformation-(Mn-O) str etching indicates metal-ligand bond460.1 relative intensity weak (C=C) stretching,(C-CH3) stretching-(Mn-O) stretching that also indicatesmetal-ligand bondInterpretation of IR spectrum for chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chlorideWavenumber (cm-1)Description of bands3258.0-relative intensity strongNH3stretch1576.2-relative intensity medium-degenerate asymmetric NH3stretching1307.8-relative intensity strong-symmetric NH3angle deformation844.9-relative intensity strong-NH3rocking487.6-(Co-Cl) stretching indicates metal-ligand bondInterpretation of IR spectrum for impure bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV)Wavenumber (cm-1)Description of bands1556.81521.0-relative intensity medium (C=O) stretching-( C=C),(C=CH) stretching1418.7-relative intensity medium-(CH3) deformation1374.01357.6-relative intensity strong-(C=O) stretching-(CH3) deformation mode1286.6-relative intensity strong-(C=C=C) stretching998.2-relative intensity strong and sharp-stretching of V=O bond-it also indicates th e metal-ligand bond.1018.6-relative intensity strong-(CH3) rocking936.1-relative intensity strong-(C-CH3) stretching-(C=O) stretching798.6-relative intensity medium-(C-H) out-of-plane bending685.9657.2-relative intensity medium/ weak-(ring) deformation out-of-plane bending for609.2-(ring) deformationInterpretation of IR spectrum for pure bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV)Wavenumber (cm-1)Description of bands1563.01520.0-relative intensity medium (C=O) stretching-( C=C),(C=CH) stretching1499.6-relative intensity medium-(CH3) deformation1380.01349.0-relative intensity strong-(C=O) stretching-(CH3) deformation mode1288.3-relative intensity strong-(C=C=C) stretching995.0-relative intensity strong and sharp-stretching of V=O bond-it also indicates the metal-ligand bond.1018.2-relative intensity strong-(CH3) rocking935.7-relative intensity strong-(C-CH3) stretching-(C=O) stretching798.8798.0-relative intensity medium-(C-H) out-of-plane bending686.0-relative intensity medium/ weak-(ring) deformation out-of-plane bending for609.7-(ring) deformationFTIR is known as Fourier transmute Infrared Spectroscopy. This FTIR can be apply to identify different types of chemical bond which is either organic compound or inorganic compound. So no two different compounds will have same spectrum. However, FTIR may cause destructive to our sample compare to magnetic might which is non-destructive. Besides that, magnetic susceptibility can be group by paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ferromagnetic. Paramagnetic substance is those attracted by strong magnetic field of honor but those repelled by magnetic field are diamagnetic substances.Besides that, we can also confirm the shape by using magnetic susceptibility. The Cobalt ion to form Chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride has 6 electron in d orbital. According to crystal field theory, if the complex is in octahedral shape, the electron can be arranged like below-Low-spin high-spineg egt2g t2gIf the complex is in tetrahed ral shape, the electron are arranged as below-t2gegMagnetic Susceptibility for chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is -9.9338 X 10-8 and it is diamagnetic. Only the low-spin octahedral shape shows diamagnetic properties, so the shape of chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is octahedral.Furthermore, for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III), the Mn3+ ion has 4 electron in d orbital, and the arrangement in octahedral shape will as follows-Low-spin High-spineg egt2g t2gFor the arrangement in tetrahedral shape, the electrons are arranged as below-t2gegMagnetic Susceptibility for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is 2.65 X 10-5 and it is paramagnetic. So the shape of tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is octahedral. However we can non determine whether is low-spin or high-spin in this situation because we are not calculating the pairing energy for the complex.In addition, there is only(prenominal) one electron in d orbital for vanadium ion of bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV). Ma gnetic susceptibility for it is 4.17 X 10-6 and it is paramagnetic. The shape is octahedral and the arrangement of electron is as follow-egt2gAcetylacetonate is delocalized and formed resonance structure as follow The structure of Co(NH3)5ClCl2 is as follow The structure of VO(ACAC)2 is as follow Moreover, oxovanadium complexes act as insulin mimetics, nucleolytic and anticancer.To recognize insulin- mimetic complexes, a simple and fast in-vitro assay is developed. Besides that, an accurate assessment of the cells taken up of glucose, in-vitro assay with Ehrlich can be used. The oxovanadium complexes can cleave DNA without the posture of hydrogen peroxide. Then, its nucleolytic efficiency is also greater but it is affected by the choice of buffer and pH. The oxovanadium complexes is also an anticancer agent against human ovarian cancer.Actually, I have acquired a lot of new knowledge among these three experiments. First, experiment one and two are easier to carry out compared to ex periment three. This is because experiment one and two involved oxidation which Mn2+ was oxidized to Mn3+ Co2+ was oxidized to Co3+. Whereas experiment 3 involved decrease which reduced VO5+ to VO4+. At the beginning of each experiments, we heated up the sample in open air. It is easier to oxidize the compound than reduce the compound in the presence of oxygen. So, we need more time to heated the V2O5.During the premier time of experiment three, I failed to get a blue color solid powder. This is because I heated the sample in the open air and I failed to control the heater. So, after the filtration process, I got a white solid powder. Therefore, I learnt from the mistake and during the second time I used reflux method. This time I can control the heating process well. The ethanol was not evaporated much. After filtration, I got quite a lot of blue solid powder. So, I knew that, for reduction process, we cannot heat the sample too quickly and heat too long. If we heated too long, most of the product will evaporate.Next, from the FTIR spectrum, I can observe that the spectrum from the first and third experiment are quite similar. This is because, the peak from the spectrum are mostly from the acetylacetonato (acac). However, spectrum from experiment two is quite different from other experiment because mostly the peaks jazz from Cl compared to other experiments.The percentage yield of the complexes from all the three experiment that I have calculate out was not so high. This is maybe due to the washing of the product with acetone, some of the product was dissolved and washed away. However, there are other factors which cause problem to our results. First, most of the heating plate we used cannot function well. I changed many heating plate during the experiment. Next, we have kept our half way done sample for more than 7 days. The results may not be so accurate anymore. Another factor maybe due to the volume and amount of the sample and other material we meas ure are not accurate. Our product may contain some impurities.However, some of the precaution was taken during the experiment. In these experiments, some of the chemical was corrosive and poisonous such as toilsome HCl and H2SO4. So, we poured the chemical carefully in the fume board. Next, before using any instrument, we read through the manual to understand the steps to function the magnetic susceptibility balance. We also taken down some important steps to function the FTIR spectrophotometer. I have asked some help from lab assistant on where to get the material for experiment.Conclusion The percentage yield for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is 40.67%, chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is 58.98% and (acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) is 64.12%.For tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III), the peak for two Mn-O bond are at the region approximately 678.1 cm-1 and 458.3 cm-1. For chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride, the peak for Co-N bond is at 669.2 cm-1 opus Co-Cl bond is a t 486.2 cm-1. For bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV), the peak for V=O bond is at 997.4 cm-1 region.Magnetic Susceptibility for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is 2.65 x 10-5 and it is paramagnetic. Besides, Magnetic Susceptibility for chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is -9.93x 10-8 and is diamagnetic. For bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV), magnetic susceptibility for impure complex and pure complex are 4.17X 10-6 and 5.53X 10-6 respectively. They are paramagnetic.

Transcendentalism :: American America History

TranscendentalismTranscendentalism was a performance in philosophy, literature, and religion that emerged and was common in the nineteenth century rude(a) England because of a need to redefine man and his endow in the world in response to a newfangled and changing society. The industrial revolution, universities, westward expansion, urbanization and immigration all made the life in a city like Boston full of transmutation and turbulence. Transcendentalism was a reaction to an impoverishment of religion and mechanization of consciousness of eighteenth century rational doctrines that ceased to be satisfying. After the success of the American change and the Industrial Revolution, an American man emerged confident and energetic. However, with the release of nervous energy, an American was forced to look at a different angle at his place in the world and society. The world of the nineteenth century Boston was that of emergence of new currents of thought in response to the blimpish atmosphere. The wealthy upper classes (the aristocracy) were conservative and suspicious of any innovations. They dominated the society and demanded conformity to their social ideals, being suspicious of any new structure of society. The irony was that by their reliance on tradition and old beliefs (such as Puritanism) they acknowledged the harmony with cosmic law. Old values and traditions would serve as a base to Transcendentalism, although a radical movement in itself. In the nineteenth century America plunged into the Industrial Revolution. In the eighteenth century, goods were produced in home system operations. The remarkable development of capitalism in Boston became evident after the French and Indian war of 1812. Two of huge factories privately owned in Boston were Francis Lowells Boston Manufacturing Company in Waltham and Merrimack Manufacturing Company in Lowell. As the role of women in society became more indiscriminate, young females dominated factory towns such as Lo well. They came from all over New Englands farms and small towns, worked for a few years and then returned. Thus the mill populations were transient. With mechanization of textiles, new styles and fashions developed. Thus newness was becoming a virtue rather than peril. expediency of transportation made urbanization and westward expansion more rapid. Cumberland Turnpike was built in 1811. Erie Canal, finished in 1825, connected Hudson River with the Great Lakes. Baltimore and Ohio Steam railway line of 1828 linked the country. The first successful steamboat, Clermont, was launched in 1807. Between 1789 and 1850 the total population of the country soared from 4 million to 23 million.

The Classification And Formation Of Crystals :: essays research papers

The Classification and Formation of CrystalsIntroductionPurposeMy purpose of this sample is to find out how crystals are formed andhow they are classified. For a long time, Ive been interested in crystals, so Ive decided this experiment would be perfect for meCrystallographyThe study of the growth, shape, and geometric characteristics ofcrystals is called crystallography. When the conditions are right, eachchemical element and compound can crystallize in a definite and characteristicform. cardinal classes of crystals are theoretically possible, almost allcommon minerals fall into oneness of about twelve classes, and some classes agreenever been seen. The thirty-two classes are separate into six crystal schemas,based on the length and position of the crystal axes. Crystal axes areimaginary lines passing through the center of the crystals. Minerals in eachsystem share certain proportions and crystal form and many important opticalproperties.The six crystal systems are very import ant to a mineralogists andgeologists stipulation of the system is necessary in the description of eachcrystal system.IsometricThis system comprises crystals with three axes, all perpendicular to oneanother and all have equal length.TetragonalThis system comprises crystals with three axes, all perpendicular to oneanother but only two are equal in length.OrthorhombicThis system comprises crystals with three mutually perpendicular axes,all of different lengths.MonoclinicThis system comprises crystals with three axes, all unequal in length,two o which are not perpendicular to another, but both of which areperpendicular to the third.TriclinicThis system comprises crystals with three axes, all unequal in lengthand is not perpendicular to one another.HexagonalThis system comprises crystals with four axes. Three of these axes arein a single plane, proportionally spaced, and of equal length. The fourth axisis perpendicular to the other three. some(a) crystallographers split the hexagonalin t wo, calling the seventh system trigonal or rhombohedral.Formation of CrystalsCrystals are formed when a liquid becomes solid or when a vapor orliquid solution becomes supersaturated. Some substances tends to form seed