Sociological Theories Of Prejudice And Racism - 1645 Words

Sociological Theories of Prejudice and Racism Functionalist theory argues for race and ethnic relations to be functional and thus supply to the melodic conduct and strength of society, racial and ethnic minorities must assimilate into that society. Assimilation is a process by which a minority becomes socially, economically, and culturally absorbed within the dominant society. The assimilation perspective assumes that to become fully fledged members of society, alternative groups must adopt as much of the dominant society s culture as possible, particularly its language, mannerisms, and goals for success, and thus give up much of its own culture. Assimilations stands in contrast to racial cultural pluralism the maintenance and†¦show more content†¦Each step enables the next, as people learn by doing. In most cases, people do not get to the later steps without receiving support for their behavior in the earlier ones. Verbal antagonism includes casual racial slurs and disparaging racial comments, either in or out of the t arget’s presence. By themselves such comments may not be regarded as serious enough to be unlawful (balanced against concerns about freedom of speech), but they constitute a clear form of hostility. Subtle, Unconscious, Automatic Discrimination Even as a national consensus has developed that explicit racial hostility is abhorrent, people may still hold prejudicial attitudes, stemming in part from past U.S. history of overt prejudice. Although prejudicial attitudes do not necessarily result in discriminatory behaviour with adverse effects, the persistence of such attitudes can result in unconscious and subtle forms of racial discrimination in place of more explicit, direct hostility. Such subtle prejudice is often abetted by differential media portrayals of nonwhites versus whites, as well as de facto segregation inShow MoreRelatedThe Media s Influence On Society s Attitude Toward Pointing Out An Apparent Ongoing Struggle Between Whites And Blacks1668 Words   |  7 Pagesnewspapers? Many stories in the news relate to racism: police brutality, education, crime; the media has a way of portraying these matters or specific incidents to suggest that a vast majority of Americans are racist. What might happen if the media, speci fically, and society in general, were to focus on the good aspects of our world and the positive sacrifices that individuals make to create a better world? I wouldn’t be so naà ¯ve to say that racism doesn’t exist, or imply that racist-motivated incidentsRead MoreSociology in Everyday Life Essay911 Words   |  4 Pages Sociology studies the interactions with all of these and shows how mere interaction resulted in things like ideas and institutions.    Everyday that you wake up and come into contact with what you do and the people you speak to is sociological. You wake up and interact with objects. Some of these objects you see yourself in such as your clothes, and your music, would be called the sociology of identification. If you live with your parents and siblings, you wake up and interact with themRead MoreRace And Ethnicity Are Affected By Stratification938 Words   |  4 Pagesproblems. One of these problems is racism a doctrine that one race is superior. America has a great deal of racism in its history. We all know about slavery and segregation that took place lawfully. As of today in the present many in the dominant group would say racism doesn’t exist. One of their favorite terms is I don’t see race. Which is basically trying to ignore the present day problems and at the same time reap the benefits. Not mention it is color -blind racism, which is the use of race neutralRead MoreUndeniable Thought (Film Crash) Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolving issues of race and gender, which is viewed through the intersecting lives of strangers seen through an auto accident/crash in Los Angeles which opens the film. This film is trying to symbolize what goes on in the world today in regards to racism and stereotypes. Paul Haggis tries to make a point on how societies view themselves and others in the world based on there ethnicities. This movie intertwines several different peoples lives, all different races, with different types of beliefs.Read MoreThe Film Crash By Paul Haggis1157 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolving issues of race and gender, which is viewed through the intersecting lives of strangers seen through an auto accident/crash in Los Angeles which opens the film. This film is trying to symbolize what goes on in the world today in regards to racism and stereotypes. Paul Haggis tries to make a point on how societies view themselves and others in the world based on there ethnicities. This movie intertwines several different people s lives, all different races, with different types of beliefsRead MoreVisible Minority And Immigrant Racism1583 Words   |  7 PagesMinority and Immigrant Racis m in the Canadian Work Environment In the ideal world, every person is treated equally in the workplace whether it be hiring, promotion, assignments or termination. However in reality, racial discrimination and harassment remain pervasive in the workplace, with 1 in 4 visible minority workers who reported that they had experienced racial harassment or discrimination in the workplace [3]. In this essay, I will be discussing the social-history of racism in the workplace, theRead MoreRacism Is An Epidemic That Has Occurred Throughout History1206 Words   |  5 PagesRacism is an epidemic that has occurred throughout history. Racism is when patterns of discrimination towards a certain race are established and perceived as normal throughout an entire culture. It is not one person from a certain race discriminating another person from another race, but rather an entire population operating in a social structure that makes it difficult for a person not to discriminate. People of color have been oppressed because of their ra ce/ethnicity by those who have held theRead MoreTheories About The Adolescence : Erikson Adolescence926 Words   |  4 Pagesanxiety and restlessness. In this field I found some theories about the adolescence; Freud s psychoanalytic theory: According to this theory adolescence is a stage of development in which sprout sexual impulses and primacy of genital eroticism occurs. Involves on the one hand, relive childhood oedipal conflicts and the need to solve them with greater independence from parents and, on the other hand, a change in bonding to new love objects. Theory Erikson adolescence: Erikson adolescence is a normativeRead MoreRacial Inequality : Guess Who 11352 Words   |  6 Pagesto create and manufacture social categories. This film is about a black female named Theresa and a white man named Simon that fight against the racial inequality present within their society and choose to be together. Stereotypes, prejudice, ethnic chauvinism, and racism are prevalent concepts throughout the movie. Most of these concepts are displayed by the people that Theresa and Simon surround themselves with, but throughout the movie the audience starts to see that Theresa and Simon graduallyRead MoreEffects of Racism on the American Society924 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Racism Introduction Racism can be described as the mind-set or practice of recognizing influence/superiority of one group over another. It is either based on race, color, ethnicity or cultural heritage. Regrettably, racism has now become a global tradition and is not only limited to a particular region or society (Racism, 2012). Similarly, racism and discrimination have continued to be among the biggest issues of the American society. Unfortunately, the non-white populace in the USA has

Intergumentary System Free Essays

Integumentary System Laszlo Vass, Ed. D. Version 42-0280-00-01 Lab Report Assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. We will write a custom essay sample on Intergumentary System or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Purpose: What is the purpose of this exercise? The purpose of this exercise in to learn about structures and functions of the skin. Is there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken. As always take precautions when handling the microscope and slides and always have a clean safe work area. Exercise 1: Structures of the Skin Observations Before beginning, set up a data table similar to this Data Table 1. Fill in the names of the numbered structures. Skin Diagram (National Library of Medicine at http://nih. nlm. gov) Data Table 1: Structures of Skin| Item| Name| 1. | Hair shaft | 2. | Arrector pili muscle | 3. Sebaceous gland | 4. | Hair follicle | 5. | Sweat gland | 6. | Pacinian corpuscle | 7. | Subcutis (hypodermis) | 8. | Dermis | 9. | Epidermis | 10. | Sensory nerve ending | 11. | Dermal papilla | 12. | Sweat pore | Questions A. How does the skin tan when exposed to ultraviolet light? When ultraviolet light penetrates skin it begins to break down DNA causing the body to produce melanin. The melanin makes the body become darker or tanner an d when the body is darker the more protected it is from the sun and sunburn. B. Describe the functions of the epidermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer that has keratinized squamous epithelium and the dermis. The epidermis has a bunch of different cells which allow it to perform many different functions. The keratinocytes produce keratin that produce fibrous protein that gives skin protective properties while the melanocytes produce melanin to protect deeper cells from ultraviolet radiation and allows the skin to tan. Merkel cells from sensitive touch receptors on nerve endings and langerhans’ cells are involved in the immune response of the skin. Stratum basale constantly go through cell division to produce million of new skin daily. Stratum spinosum has think bundles of protein and stratum granulosum contain lipids that provide waterproofing for the skin. The stratum lucidum is a layer of flattened keratinocytes are only found in thick skin. Stratum corneum is the outer layer of the epidermis made of squished and flattened layers of dead keratinocytes. C. Describe the functions of the sw eat glands. Sweat glands are controlled by sympathetic nervous system and regulate body temperature. When the body becomes to hot they secrete water to the skin surface and the heat is removed by evaporation. D. Compare the structure of the epidermis to that of the dermis. The epidermis consists of several different types of cells while the dermis canonists of dense, irregular connective tissue. E. Fill in the following table by either inserting the name of the structure/cell or by giving its function(s): Structure/Cell| Function(s)| melanocytes| Makes a pigment for tanning| Langerhans cells| Small and involved in the immune response| Merkel cells | Found on nerve endings| Stratum lucidum| Provides protection, thick found of palms a soles makes skin waterproof | Reticular layer | The blood supply here provides radiational cooling for the body| Exercise 2: Microscopic Structure of the Skin Observations Sketch and label your keratinized stratified squamous epithelium slide in the space below. Be sure to label all of the structures in the epidermis and dermis you were able to find: Questions A. Compare your slide to the photomicrograph example in the lab Procedure. How are they the same and how are they different? Propose a reason why you would see several differences between different slides of skin. B. What is keratin? Is fibrous protein that gives the skin its protective properties? C. Why is skin keratinized? Keratinized cells give skin a tough protective barrier. After a cell is born it begins to make protein called keratin that they store inside them. As the cells grow they build up with this protein until their so full they die forming a tough layer of packets of keratin. Exercise 3: Clinical Conditions of the Skin Questions A. What are the three types of skin cancer? Squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma B. Which type of skin cancer is easily treatable? Basal cell carcinoma C. Explain why melanoma is so dangerous. Melanoma can spread to other areas of the body. D. What factors can cause acne? Acne is caused when sebum isn’t able to pass through the hair follicle. This causes cells from the lining of the follicle to shed to fast and clump together clogging up the follicle’s opening so sebum cannot get through. E. What is a common myth about the cause of acne? Eating chocolate, greasy food or dirty skin F. What are some treatments for acne? Dermatologists use a medication that reduces clumps of cells in the follicles, oil production, bacteria, and inflammation. Depending on the case of the acne the doctor may prescribe a topical medication or an oral medication. G. Describe the signs of first, second and third degree burns. First- affects only the outer layer, epidermis. Second- damage the epidermis and the dermis Third- involve damage or complete destruction to the fullest depth of the skin and underlying tissue. H. What are the principle effects of aging on the skin? 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Safety and Legal Responsibilities of Registered Nurses - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Safety and Legal Responsibilities of Registered Nurses. Answer: In every workplace or organization, there are rules that govern the employees. These rules and regulations help them in their way of conduct within and without their work premises. In hospitals, for example, the Clinical nurses have rules and regulations that govern their code of conduct on how they should handle the patient and themselves. The nurses have the responsibility of making sure that the patients safety is monitored throughout their treatment. The patients on the other hand also have a responsibility of making sure that they take care of themselves at the medical facilities. The nurses should be accountable and responsible for their actions, decisions, and evaluations of their own practice (Lachman, 2012). Most patients have complained about how the nurses handle them at the medical facilities and there are several related issues arising on the mismanagement of patients at the facilities and this put their lives at risk as far as safety is concerned. It is the responsibili ty of clinical officers to make sure that their patients feel safe first by offering psychological, emotional and even physical support before any kind of treatment. Both the patient and the nurses safety is important in the medical facilities for a better and conducive environment for the nurse to perform her duties diligently and for the patient to receive quality medical attention. It is also a nurses legal responsibility to be responsible for his or her own acts. The nurses should make sure that the patients get right diagnosis for their illness or injuries. Misdiagnosis and failure to the diagnosis of an illness or injury are one of the problems experienced by patients yet it is a legal responsibility of the nurses (Tilse Wilson, 2013). Misdiagnosis or failure to diagnose a patient can lead to various complications that may need another diagnosis, this mostly happens either because of improper Medicare, delayed treatment or no absolute treatment. This can also happen due of lack of communication or poor communication between the nurse and the patient (Trinkoff et al., 2008). It is important that the nurse gets adequate information from the patient before any diagnosis is done and if the nurse is not conversant with the symptoms it is good to her to consult the doctor in charge for further assessment. The medical facilities should make sure that they have all the required medications and the employed nurses should be willing and well trained to do their jobs. The patients often depend on the nurses and the doctors for better treatment and diagnosis, and in such event, the patients do not feel safe enough to get treatment and medication again from the same nurse or even medical facility (Lim, Bogossian Ahern, 2010). To have an environment where both the patient and the nurse feel safe, both the patient and the nurse need to take responsibilities, for the patients they need to make sure that they feel safe and get quality treatment and medication at the facilities and the nurses, on the other hand, need to feel safe at their medical facilities and even wit h their patients to make sure that both of them work in a safe environment for better and quality services. References Lachman, V. D. (2012). Applying the ethics of care to your nursing practice.Medsurg Nursing,21(2), 112. Lim, J., Bogossian, F., Ahern, K. (2010). Stress and coping in Australian nurses: a systematic review. InternationalNursing Review, 57(1), 22-31. doi:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2009 Tilse, C., Wilson, J. (2013). Recognizing and responding to financial abuse in residential aged care. The Journal of Adult Protection, 15(3), 141-152. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JAP- 11-2012-0025 Trinkoff, A. M.,Geiger-Brown, J. M., Caruso, C. C., Lipscomb, J. A., Johantgen, M. Nelson, A. L., ... Selby, V. L. (2008). Personal safety for nurses. In R. G. Hughes (Ed.)., Patient Safety and Quality: an Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses (pp. 1-36). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).

The History of Heineken Essay Example

The History of Heineken Essay The history of Heineken The Heineken family entered the beer business in 1864, when Gerard Adriaan Heineken bought a brewery in the heart of Amsterdam. Over the past 140 years, three generations of the Heineken family have built and expanded the brand and the company in Europe and around the world. It is thanks to the leadership of Gerard, Henry and Alfred Heineken that Heineken is one of the world’s leading brewing groups. Today Charlene de CarvalhoHeineken is delegate member of the Board of directors of Heineken Holding N. V. 864 22-year-old businessman Gerard Adriaan Heineken purchases the The Haystack brewery, the largest in the region. He demands and receives full control of shares, realising that sweeping and rapid changes are needed. 1868 To meet increasing consumer demand, a new brewery is built in Amsterdam at the Buitensingel. 1869 Gerard Heineken decides to switch from traditional top fermentation to the Bavarian method of bottom fermentation, a totally different te chnique that produces a clearer, purer beer, which keeps longer. The new beer is known for its quality and is called Gentlemans Beer as opposed to Workmans Ale. A decade of fierce competition begins, with several new breweries competing for the highquality beer market. Heineken must again start making cheaper workmans beers and gets into the business of cafes, hotels, and beer houses to secure purchasers. Brewers take on the role of banks, providing credit and extravagant extra benefits to win over clients. 1870 Due to the Franco-Prussian war, imports of Bavarian beer dry up, causing Heinekens sales to skyrocket. 1873 Heinekens Bierbrouwerij Maatschappij N. V. (Heineken Breweries or HBM) is incorporated. Gerard Heineken is appointed President and the name Haystack is replaced by Heineken. The brewery stops producing workmans beer. 1874 After merging the previous year with Oranjeboom breweries, a state-of-the-art brewery is built in Rotterdam. With a work-floor of 3000 square metres, it is one of the most expensive and innovative facilities of its day. 1875 Heineken beer wins a gold medal at the International Exposition in Paris and regular shipments to the French capital begin. Among others, the Folies Bergere signs up to receive an annual 2000 hectolitres. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Heineken specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Heineken specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Heineken specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Heineken continues to expand, struggling between concessions to the market and its belief in the high quality, and price, standards that put it on the map in the first place. Continuing with Gerard Heinekens philosophy that, A good product is recommended by its use alone, the company refuses to deploy advertising seriously, seeing it as useless and rather low-class. Technical breakthroughs ultimately provide a critical edge. 1880 Heineken sales top 64,000 hectolitres. The company is now the biggest exporter to France, and in particular Paris, which is fast becoming the capital of the nineteenth-century. 881 Cooling systems are installed in the brewery in Amsterdam, terminating dependence on natural ice. In 1883, cooling systems are installed in the brewery in Rotterdam. 1886 Doctor Elion, a student of Louis Pasteur, develops the A-yeast strain, still used today to give Heineken its characteristic flavour. 1889 The innovations begin to pay off: the brewery is awarded the gold medal of honour at the World Exhibition in Paris, where Heineken beer is supplied to the Eiffel tower restaurant. This award crowns the quality-focused policies of Gerard Heineken and director Wilhelm Feltmann. It is an age of great innovation, and one improvement quickly follows another. The innovations are not only technical: industrial buildings like breweries are already being recognised as important works of architecture in their own right. The labour movement also begins to make its presence felt on the work floor. 1890 Electric lighting is installed at the Amsterdam brewery. 1893 Gerard Adriaan Heineken dies. Under the direction of Gerard Heineken and Wilhelm Feltmann, HBM has grown in its first twenty years from a small company to a large-scale industry. The groundwork has been laid for future expansion. 1894 The end of an epoch: despite master brewer Feltmanns hopes for his own son to take the position, J. D. A. Petersen becomes the new director. He later marries Gerards widow Mary Tindal, becoming stepfather of the eight-year-old Henry Pierre Heineken. 1899 The barrel-makers submit a request for a wage increase, marking the beginning of a long process of workers rights negotiations. As the business consolidates its hold on markets, employers come under increasing pressure from workers demanding explicit agreements and better treatment. Petersen resists pressure from old-style managers and strives for dialogue, which ultimately results in the first collective labour agreements. 2 / 11 1900 Heineken beer is honoured with a special Jury Prize in Paris. Sales of beer brewed under Heinekens auspices increase to 200,000 hectolitres. 1901 The year sees the first major strike and call for a boycott by workers. Negotiations result in a rise in the minimum wage and pay for overtime. 1904 A day of rest on Sunday is introduced. 1909 The first collective bargaining agreements are established. In Rotterdam, this means a 54hour week and four days off a year. As a compromise, workers no longer receive four free litres of beer a week. Henry Heineken comes of age and takes over the helm. He and his team represent a new generation of leaders. With both academic credentials and practical experience, they pioneer a new management style: socially aware and outward looking. 1912 Competition between well-established major breweries again increases to fever pitch. Heineken responds by reducing the price slightly and concentrating on on-premises sales. 1914 Henry Heineken obtains a seat on the Executive Board. Heineken welcomes its first woman employee, a telephone operator. Sales of beer brewed under the supervision of Heineken have now climbed to 300,000 hectolitres: 30% more than the beginning of the century The company begins efforts to expand to Asia. In the United States, alcohol is banned and will remain so throughout the decade. Modern communication and advertising come into its own as Heineken moves into foreign markets. An international springboard is created for future global expansion. 1923 Heineken is one of the first Dutch companies to establish a non-contributory pension fund for employees. 1927 H. R. H. Prince Hendrik grants HBM the rights to His Coat of Arms. H. R. H. Queen Wilhelmina grants HBM the rights to the Royal Coat of Arms with the title of Royal Purveyor. 1928 An aircraft writes a Heineken ad in the sky above the Olympic Games in Amsterdam: one of the first deeds of Peter Feith, new head of exports. Under his leadership, Heineken will take its first steps towards becoming a truly international company. 1929 3 / 11 Heineken participates for the first time in the construction of a brewery in a tropical region. Building starts in Surabaya in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). The decade of the first great global economic depression sees ignificant international expansion and technical achievements for the company. Heineken moves decisively into the US and Asian markets. It also further expands its social policy: during the crisis, no personnel are fired. Rather, an early retirement scheme is applied for staff age 58 and over. 1931 Heineken and Fraser Neave in Singapore start Malayan Breweries Limited (MBL), now Asia Pacific Br eweries, operating in China, South-East Asia and New Zealand. 1932 Heineken opens a pilot brewery in Rotterdam, enabling the laboratory to test the results of its own activities. This is almost unique and critically important for trying out new modes of operation and instruction, especially for staff from breweries abroad. 1933 The M. S. Statendam transports the first Heineken beer consignment to the United States after Prohibition is lifted. This marks the beginning of Heinekens rising popularity in the United States. 1937 The Heineken Foundation for Personnel is established to provide extra support to employees in the years of the Great Depression. 1939 Heineken is listed on the stock market. The Foundation of the Central Brewery Organisation is established, initiated by Heineken. Its aim is to ensure a unified response by brewers during the impending war. The Organisation ultimately prevented disbanding of breweries and requisitioning of workers. World War II provokes a continuous decline in beer quality and production as breweries in the Netherlands are deprived of raw materials. As the war ends, the first signs of spectacular international expansion set in. Henrys successor, Alfred Freddy Heineken, enters the business as a sales promoter in the US, where he will develop the marketing expertise to later internationalise the company in the 1950s and 60s. 940 Henry Heineken resigns from the Executive Board and is appointed Delegate Member of the Supervisory Council (until 1951). 1942 Alfred Henry Heineken, grandson of the founder Gerard Adriaan Heineken and son of Henry Heineken, officially begins his career with the company. 1948 Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands grants the rights to his Coat of Arms to HBM. 4 / 11 1949 The Netherlands transfers sovereignty to the new Indonesian government. The Surabaya brewery becomes Heinekens Indonesian Brewery Company. On the international markets, the reputation of the Heineken brand name gains strength. In 1954, Alfred Heineken acquires the majority of shares in the company and begins a radical modernisation. With an ardent belief in brand and marketing, he sets about proving his conviction that beer can travel: its the beginning of a truly effective global marketing policy. 1953 The brewery De Sleutel (The Key) in Dordrecht is taken over by Heineken. De Sleutel, established in 1433, is the oldest industrial enterprise in the Netherlands. The brewery continues as a producer of dark beers until its closure in 1969. 1954 The rapidly growing popularity of beer dramatically influences Heinekens domestic and export sales volumes. The Board decides to build a new brewery in s Hertogenbosch. 1957 The Indonesian Government appropriates the Heineken brewery at Surabaya from 1957 until 1967. In 1967 Heineken resumes operations of the brewery, which ultimately takes the name Multi Bintang Indonesia. 1959 In order to meet the increasing demand for Heineken beer, the company embarks on a substantial extension of the brewery in s Hertogenbosch. Aba, Boma, Kumasi, Kisangani, Moundou The motto during the 1950s and 60s is: Build and Brew. By 1960, Heineken is the market leader in Africa, and is making giant strides elsewhere. Refinement of the companys visual design and brand identity continue; notable progress includes a clear international logo. 1961 The Kumasi Brewery in Ghana opens. Heineken owns or has an interest in 4 breweries in the Netherlands and 24 abroad, including properties in Egypt, Italy, Venezuela, Angola and the Belgian Congo (today Zaire). 1963 The Heineken Foundation is established to give a bi-annual award to outstanding scientists in the field of biochemistry, including microbiology and the germinating physiology of seeds. 1964 A new international logo is introduced, for labels, coasters and other visual designs. Among these are the famous Heineken lips, the two red semi-circles enclosing the black stripe and name on the coaster. The style has remained the international icon by which the brand is still known. 1967 The first fully automated filling line for draught beer is installed in the brewery in Rotterdam. 5 / 11 Simultaneously, a new keg type with a built-in extractor tube, the Sankey keg, that fits the new filling line, is put into use. It will be introduced gradually in the whole country. Heineken also embarks upon computerised data processing. 1968 Heineken takes over Amstel Brouwerij N. V. as well as soft drinks producer Vrumona N. V. in Bunnik (the Netherlands), thus securing its share in the Netherlands internal market, which is heavily under threat from foreign competitors. The first Heineken advertisements appear on TV. Increasingly at home in the world, Heineken is still a foreign guest in Europe. While it has a top position as an import in the premium segment of the market, it is not dominant in the European market as a whole. Alfred Heineken develops a strategy to change that and begins producing beer within European countries. 971 Alfred Heineken is appointed Chairman of the Executive Board. A glance at Heineken abroad reveals an expanding roster of interests: Malayan Breweries in Singapore; Perusahaan Bir Indonesia; bottle manufacturers Boukin in Zaire; Bralima, Zaire; Bralirwa, Ruanda; Brarudi, Burundi; Brasserie de Brazzaville in the Peoples Republic of Congo; Kumasi Brewery in Ghana; Nigerian Breweries; Ibecor in Brussels; Antilliaanse Brouwerij, Curacao ; Brasserie Lorraine, Martinique; Surinaamse Brouwerij in Paramaribo; Athenian Brewery in Athens; and Albert Maltings in Belgium. 972 Heineken acquires a majority participating interest in the share capital of Holding Company lEsperance, which was the French ALBRA group, then the third largest brewing group in France. 1973 On the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of the company, the Executive Board donates NLG 100,000 to three social-medical organisations located in cities in the Netherlands that have Heineken breweries. 1979 Official inauguration by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands of the distillery (with grain-alcohol roasting house) in Zoetermeer. Heineken increases its participation in the Dreher Group (Italy) from 90% to nearly 100%. When Heinekens interest in the French brewing group ALBRA increases to 100%. , ALBRA is renamed Heineken France S. A. Heineken achieves broad market leadership in Europe through many acquisitions, and finetunes its communication and products to appeal to consumers in each local culture. These vary hugely: the English are used to weak dark ales; the Italians still have mainly a wine culture; the three Swiss language regions each have their own different expectations. Heineken becomes a fixture in traditional bars from Dublin to Geneva. 1980 A first installation based on reversed osmosis (hyper filtration) considerably improves water processing in Europe. 6 / 11 1982 The Amstel brewery in Amsterdam closes down. Production is transferred to the Heineken brewery in Zoeterwoude. Heineken takes over Brouwerij de Ridder B. V. in Maastricht (the Netherlands). Heineken doubles its participation in a number of companies in Central Africa by acquiring shares already issued. 1983 The company enters into brewing cooperation in Brazil with Coca-Cola bottlers, producing Kaiser beer. Today Cervejaria Kaiser is the third brewing group of Brazil. Kirin Brewery Company Ltd. starts to brew Heineken under license in Japan. 1988 This year is marked by a joint venture via Asia Pacific Breweries with third parties in the Mila Brewery in Shanghai (China) and the introduction of Buckler alcohol-free beer in France, Spain, the Netherlands and Ireland. 1989 Alfred Freddy Heineken retires from the Board, having reached the age limit laid down in the companys Articles of Association. He is appointed Chairman and Delegated Member of the Supervisory Council. Heineken has become the second largest brewer in the world with the worlds most international brand, selling in over 170 countries. The core values upon which it was built consistent top quality, engaging people through their own culture, and also its social awareness have allowed the company to renew itself over and again. 1991 Heineken takes over Van Munching Co. , its sole importer in the United States. This ends the remarkable lifetime contracts awarded Leo van Munching and his son in 1960 in recognition of their achievement as the first and only US importers of Heineken. Leo sr. was initially appointed in 1945. Through his work, Heineken became a best-loved import in the US, an achievement that remains as unique as his contract. 1992 Operations in the former Eastern Bloc and other communist countries gather steam. Heineken increases its interest in Komaromi Sorgyar RT in Hungary to 55. 3%. 1994 Heineken acquires a 24. 9% participating interest in the Polish brewery, Zywiec S. A. Zywiec has a leading position in the premium segment of the Polish beer market, three breweries with a total production capacity of 1. million hectolitres, and a share of 7% of the Polish beer market. An agreement is signed with Hainan Brewery Co. Ltd. (HBCL) for the construction of a brewery on Hainan Island in China. 1998 The Heineken University is opened. This is a training infrastructure designed for the optimal use and expansion of know-how and experience within the company. 7 / 11 1999 In the Netherlands, the Heineken brand is voted Brand of the Century and Alfred Henry Heineken is proclaimed Advertiser of the century. 000 Heineken receives the King William I Prize for Dutch Entrepreneurship. This prestigious prize is awarded once every two years to a large Dutch company that has attracted attention due to impressive entrepreneurial activities and important contributions to the economy, employment, prosperity and the entrepreneurial reputation of the Netherlands. Heineken expands its operations in China, Nigeria, Sweden, Belgium, Slovakia and Spain. 2001 The festive opening of the Heineken Experience in the former brewery on the Stadhouderskade in Amsterdam takes place. To honour this event, Heineken N. V. publishes the book, The Magic of Heineken. 2002 The Heineken Company respectfully marks the death of its leader Alfred ‘Freddy’ Heineken at the beginning of the year. As a true entrepreneur, Freddy Heineken is credited with making Heineken into the truly international company it is today. 2003 The acquisition of Brau-Beteiligungs A. G. (BBAG) in Austria, the largest acquisition in the history of Heineken, significantly extends the lead of Heineken in Europe, where Heineken was already the largest brewer. Through this acquisition, Heineken is now also market leader in Austria, Romania, and Hungary and consolidates leading positions and brand portfolios in Poland and the Czech Republic. 2004 The business is further shaped through acquisitions and joint ventures, ensuring the creation of value. In Russia and China the position of Heineken is strengthened through acquisitions and in the USA an agreement is concluded with FEMSA in Mexico to distribute their strongly growing brands. In South Africa, Brandhouse is launched, a joint venture with Diageo and Namibia Breweries. In Australia Heineken enters in to a joint venture with Lion Nathan. The first comprehensive sustainability award is published for the period 2002-2003, presenting a thorough and broad overview of activities worldwide. In recognition of the continuous focus on corporate sustainability, Heineken is awarded the prestigious Dutch ACC Award for best sustainability report. 2005 Heineken acquires a number of breweries in Germany and Russia. Also in 2005, Heineken introduces a new light Heineken beer to the US market. This new beer, Heineken Premium Light Lager, is brewed in the same high quality tradition as the original Heineken, but is lighter in taste and has fewer calories and carbohydrates. The US light market represents half of the total US beer market and is still growing. 8 / 11 Heineken also introduces its portable draught beer system, the Heineken DraughtKeg. DraughtKeg allows consumers to experience a premium quality draught beer at virtually any drinking occasion. Heineken launched this innovation in France and in the USA in May 2005, followed by the introduction in the Netherlands. The portable DraughtKeg has been developed for consumers who like to share and enjoy a quality draught beer in or outdoors and is relevant to the various beer cultures worldwide. In 2005 the Executive Committee is introduced. The two members of the Executive Board, the five Regional Presidents and five Group Directors together form the Executive Committee, which supports the development of policies and ensures the alignment and implementation of key priorities and strategies across the organisation. 006 Heineken acquires a number of breweries through Asia Pacific Breweries; the Fosters brewing assets in Vietnam and Quang Nam Brewery in Central Vietnam. A further business in the developing market of India and an acquisition in Laos are announced. Heineken also acquired shares in the Tunesian company, Societe de Production et de Distribution des Boissons. In 2006, Heineken continues to put into practice the belief that flatter and less complex management structures are essential to inc rease the speed at which decisions are taken and implemented across the business. That was the clear thinking behind the creation of the Executive Committee and a smaller Executive Board in 2005. The speedy roll-out of DraughtKeg early in its life cycle and the further investment in production; the accelerated integration of the Russian business; the centralisation of the IT function; these are all excellent examples of having brought that belief into practice. 2007 Heineken and Fomento Economico Mexicano, S. A. B. de C. V. (‘FEMSA’) extend their existing three-year relationship in the United States for a period of ten years, effective 1 January 2008. Heineken USA continues to be the sole and exclusive importer, marketer and seller of the FEMSA beer brands, Dos Equis, Tecate, Tecate Light, Sol, Bohemia and Carta Blanca, in the USA. Heineken and Carlsberg confirm their intention to make an offer for the entire issued share capital of Scottish Newcastle plc. Through the deal, Heineken will ultimately obtain a number 1 position in the UK and number 2 positions in the key markets of Portugal, Ireland, Finland and Belgium, as well as greater exposure to developing markets and segments, with positions in India and the US import market. Heineken acquires Krusovice Brewery in the Czech Republic from Radeberger Gruppe KG. As a result of this transaction, the market share of Heineken in the Czech Republic increases to 8 per cent, with total volumes of over 1. 6 million hectolitres, improving Heineken’s position in the market to number three. Heineken acquires the Rodic Brewery, in Novi Sad, Serbia and of the Syabar Brewing Company, in Bobruysk, Belarus. Rodic was established in 2003 and employs 282 people. The Rodic Brewery facility is a state-of-the-art, 1. million hectolitre brewery, located in Novi 9 / 11 Sad, northern Serbia. The company’s portfolio consists of the beer brands MB Premium, MB Pils and Master. 2008 The cash offer for the acquisition of Scottish Newcastle becomes effective. The closure of the transaction is the start of an exciting new era for Heineken, strengthening the position in Western Europe. The Company will accelerate the process of uniting people, brands and best practice from both Heineken and SN to create a single, stronger, more competitive business. Heineken’s acquisition of parts of SN includes businesses, licences and investments in Belgium, Finland, India, Ireland, Portugal, the UK and the US, with core brands including Foster’s, Kronenbourg 1664, John Smith’s, Newcastle Brown Ale, Sagres, Lapin Kulta, Maes and Beamish. In 2008, Heineken also announces a number of other acquisitions: Tango Brewery in Algiers, Algeria; the Romanian brewer Bere Mures; Drinks Union in the Czech Republic; Rechitsa Brewery in South Eastern Belarus; and the beverage division of Eichhof in Switzerland. Heineken also opens a brand new brewery in Seville, Spain. Heineken launches the first global, interactive responsible drinking campaign, called ‘Know The Signs’. Our aim is for consumers to engage and interact with this campaign rather than passively watch a one-way piece of communication. By making it possible to interact with this campaign we believe we are more likely to be successful in raising awareness of overconsumption of alcohol. 009 Heineken and United Breweries Limited (UBL), India’s leading brewer, create a strong partnership that will drive growth in one of the world’s fastest-growing and most exciting beer markets. Through the transaction, Heineken gains joint majority control of India’s number 1 brewer, UBL and agree terms for the brewing and distribution of the Heineken brand in India. As part of the new agreement, Heineken acquires Asia Pacific Breweries(APB) India and in a subsequent transaction transfer this into UBL during 2010. In 2009, Heineken ® endorses the United Nations CEO Water Mandate. This United Nationsled initiative encourages companies to play a more active role in solving issues related to water availability and quality. The signing of the CEO Water Mandate by Jean-Francois van Boxmeer re-confirms Heineken’s existing commitment to both sustainability and water management. In 2009, Heineken also announces the Heineken Africa Foundation to support and enhance the improvement of health for the people who live in the Sub-Saharan African communities where Heineken operates. The Heineken Africa Foundation supports health projects and health-related education. Heineken has taken this initiative to underpin its long-standing commitment to Africa. Following the acquisition of Scottish Newcastle in 2008, Heineken’s UK business marks the completion of integration with a change in name. The switch to Heineken UK is the beginning of an exciting, new chapter in the history of the UK business and a significant milestone for Heineken. 10 / 11 010 Heineken announces that it has completed the acquisition of the beer businesses of Fomento Economico Mexicano, S. A. B. de C. V. (FEMSA), following approval from all relevant anti-trust authorities and shareholders of Heineken N. V. , Heineken Holding N. V. and FEMSA. Heineken will execute the integration strategy it has developed in collaboration with the local management teams. The new management teams in Mexico and Brazil are announced; the newly acquired businesses forms part of the Heineken Americas region. In 2010, Heineken also announces a new, 10 year Sustainability agenda and goals. The commitments and plans are outlined in Amsterdam as part of a symposium1 on sustainable development. The company’s new approach to sustainability is characterised by an integrated ‘green’ vision for all aspects of its operations. It has set clear targets and adopted innovative ways at looking at its business processes. With its new agenda, Heineken recognises the role it should play in creating a better future and delivering across all its operations. 11 / 11

Weight Loss Diets essays

Weight Loss Diets essays Rapid weight loss diets should not be encouraged among the obese population because it is very hazardous to their health. Society these days place pressures on overweight people to lose their weight fast or they will die of obesity. An article by a congressional sub committee for the diet industry says, All evidence says that losing large amounts of weight very fast does more harm than good. The first reason that I am opposed is I gained 80 pounds with my first child and lost all my weight within 3 months. I had numerous health problems because of the liquid weight loss diet that I was on. I had everything from Kidney infection to shingles due to my unhealthy way of losing weight. Bonnie Bloodgett agrees with saying Rapid weight loss may accelerate formation of gallstones. 179 people are currently suing a major diet company because of gallstone complications while pursing the companys diet. The company denies responsibility. Society and the healthcare providers need to do a better job of promoting better ways of living. I admit we have come along way, but an article out of health and medical issue states The best way to lose weight is through increased exercise, moderate reduction of calories and a life long change in eating habits. Instead of the diet industry promoting all their diets, they need to make sure what they are doing is best for the consumer and not for their pockets. In addition, the Diet Company knows that when you come off their liquid diets you will gain back. Another article out of medical health issues says Up to 90 percent of dieters who lose more than 25 pounds gain it all back within 2 years. I personally do not understand why you would waste your time on something that will not last and not focus more on long term goals of healthy weight loss. The consumers need to wake up and realize the diet industry is out for the money and they know your going to keep gaining the weight ...

Biggest CHallenge

Biggest CHallenge Rodriguez Creative Song Assignment The Creative Song Assignment was an Interesting assignment, because I have zero experience in mixing music. It was an Interesting experience, because It did take me out of my comfort zone. When I first started, I felt lost. I had no Idea what I was doing, so I decided to do a little research to see how I can best complete this assignment. I finally settled on using a program called Audacity and the genres of hip hop and alternative rock. I chose a program called audacity, because It gives you an option of milling different songs.I am sure that there are a lot of other programs better suited for this assignment, but I found this to be pretty easy to use. I really enjoyed playing around Ninth the different settings. It took me a couple of days before I finally picked two songs to work on. I am sure that there are many more experienced people out there that can mix my songs better than me, but I think I did a good job considering my experience level. I decide to pick hip hop and alternative rock, because they are two of my favorite genres. I know that hip hop and alternative rock have been mixed before, so I felt an intrigue in trying to accomplish this myself. I knew that I wanted to use Arrowheads Karma Police as my alternative, because that is one of my favorite songs. I had a difficult time picking a rap song, because the lyrics did not match up well together. I finally decided to Just use a hip hop beat that I found on concluded. In my opinion, I felt that this was best, because you can hear the lyrics of the alternative song, but still hear the hip hop beat. The part that took me a while was trying to get the songs in sync perfectly. I really wanted to find a way to lower the alternative rock songs instrumentals, but I could not do it.I think it would have sounded better if I could mix the hip hop beat with the Karma Police vocals. I am sure it could probably be done lath professional mixing equipment. I really enjoyed this assignment, because It did what it was designed to do. It really took me out of my comfort zone. I started off being completely lost, but I slowly started gaining confidence as I practiced more with the software. I know that the finished product is not too great, but I think It was good considering that I have never done this before.

Market Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Market Research - Assignment Example This report is designed to have an insight about an organization that is about to conduct some market research into consumer buying habits for the products and services that this company has for sale. Henry John Heinz, the founder of this company said that he learned from his parents’ idea of business which was, â€Å"Deal with the seller so justly that he will want to sell to you again.† He believed in fair play in the business and this quality of him had made him a successful businessman. Heinz is a $10.7 billion global company. The products of Heinz enjoy #1 or #2 market share in more than 50 countries. Every year the company sells 650 million bottles of its iconic Ketchup. Heinz's top 15 power brands are counted as more than two-thirds of its annual sales. There are about 35000 people that are employed by Heinz in almost 50 countries around the globe. Heinz is a responsible corporate citizen dedicated to safe practices, environmental stewardship and giving back to t he society (Heinz Company, Pittsburgh, 2012). 2.0 Research Options What is the correct option for doing research either through external consultancy agency for the market research or the option of doing the research in the company itself. 2.1.0 External Consultants Many organizations take the assistance of external consultants in identifying, recommending and implementing change. There have been companies which have been successful while there are some which have failed after having consultancy from external consultants. First, there needs to be cooperation with the consultant from the entire top management and not merely the CEO or a few directors/managers. Next, there cannot be any information that is out of action from the external consultants. The solution to transformation is that complete information about the organization and its strengths and most prominently, its flaws must be visible. The other feature that makes organizations rely on external consultants is since these co nsultants have knowledge in dealing with companies in similar industries and hence can relate their expertise and experience to advise specific changes. 2.1.1 Advantage of External Consultants 1. External Agencies have research skills that are industry specific. These niche considerations are such that the organization can customize different external agencies to specific internal needs as a means of maximizing their marketing strategy (Joshi 2005). 2. External Contractors have access to target sectors; hence they have underlying knowledge of best practices. Accompanied within this spectrum of understanding are recognitions that industries niches aren’t only accompanied by a specific skill set, but also industry contacts and statistical research that can advance their marketing goals (Joshi 2005). 3. External Agency contractors bring objective viewpoints. The nature of institutional culture has been theorized to have a significant and profound impact on decision-making and co mpany practices. While such uniformity of perspective has noted strategic advantages, oftentimes the external viewpoints that are accompanied with outside agencies can add these fresh and much needed insights (Joshi 2005). 4. They are much quicker as compared to internal research. These agencies have developed streamlining techniques that allow

Amendment Impact Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Amendment Impact - Assignment Example Despite this extent of unreliability, the supreme courts in most states still insist on the evidence from show up identification. This majority rule approach employs malleable and outdated facts; as a result the show up type of evidence is routinely used against innocent defendants during criminal trials. In some states however, defendants are offered meaning protection under the constitution. Such reforms come in form of evolution of the approach that is used by the majority. Here, much more relevant facts and circumstances are added in the analysis. The next one is a revolution that goes against the majority approach. In this instance, the evidence from show up identification is prohibited unless it is at the time of show up. It is applicable in cases where existing circumstances avert the use of photo array or line up process; or lack of probable cause for arresting the suspect, and there is no cause for illegally arresting him long enough while awaiting line up or photo array results. The best thing about the revolutionary show up approach is that it provides innocent defendants protection against any form of false identification and wrong convictions. Most bodies especially those concerning the human rights have persistently urged the supreme courts to adopt the revolutionary methods. Despite all these compulsions, the courts are still very adamant in their trials. Most trial courts will thwart the minority rule by distortion of the two exemptions thus exposing defendants to wrongful trials. When there is false eyewitness identification and wrong convictions, truth is always uncovered by the use of post conviction DNA tests. However, in many major criminal cases, normally criminal evidence is either destroyed or even considered nonexistent. This results into significant problems for the defendant whom in most cases is

Gates of Fire Essay Example for Free

Gates of Fire Essay Why I chose this book: I have no particular reason why I chose this book. While searching through the commandant’s new reading list, the title of the book stood out to me. It did not seam like a boring documentary or and endless biography that goes on and on but rather an interesting read that would keep me interested. When I went to go check it out from training I read the summary on the back of the book and was immediately intrigued about the storyline. I like the adventure and thrill of the Spartans as well as reading about war battles. Give a brief description about this book: This book is about a legendary Battle of Thermopylae and the Spartan culture. In 480 BC the Persian Empire marched with a force of two million men against Greece. In Greeces defense a small army of 2,500 Greek soldiers marched out in an attempt to slow the Persian advance. 300 Spartans were among this squadron, willing to fight to the death for their homeland. The two armies crashed at the narrow pass of Thermopylae. For six days the small force held off the entire Persian army, inflicting an estimated 20,000 casualties on the enemy. On the seventh day the main Greek force withdrew. The remaining Spartan force and a small number of Thespians stayed giving their comrades time for escape. The residual Greek forces fought heroically to the death. The slowed Persian advance gave Greek forces added time to muster men and eventually repel the invasion. The author depicts the story from a Spartan soldiers squire (armor bearer) point of view. The armor bearer, Xeo, tells his life story from his youth as an outcast to his acceptation into the Spartan military. Through the eyes of Xeo, the author tells of an armor bearers duties, soldiers thoughts and attitudes, Spartas military training, and Spartas military based culture. While he tells that Sparta is a cruel and brutal military society he also tells of the beauty and love that the civilization also possesses. Tactical lessons learned from this book: Some of the tactical leassons I learned from this book come from the battle at Thermopylae. Some of the tactics that interestead me, even back in those days, is when the Spartan army first arived at Themopylae. They scouted the area to see it they could possibly be flanked by the opposing army. They rounded up all of the random people that were not part of the battle so that their opposition could not use them for land navigation. The Spartans even burnned all the fields of crops so that their foe could not use the crops for rations. It is clear to me that fighting a battle is not all about who is the better fighter. I learned that witts and logistics are key elements for victory. Leadership lessons learned from this book: One of the leadership lessons that could be learned from this book involves courage. On multiple occasions in the book the leadership tries to instill in their men the philosophy that training for war has little to do with strengthening the war fighter physically but rather to toughen the mind. Polynikes also had the men realize that any army can win a battle with its legs still under it, it is when all strength has fled and the men must produce victory on will alone. I learned that if I want my Marines to be the best, I have to expect the best as well as adopt this mentality so that I may lead by example. How can the lessons learned be used today: The spartans trained to achieve victory while face whith constant adversity. Today the younger generation has adopted the attitude of, if it can’t be done with a reassonable amount of effort, then it can’t be done and they give up. We as leaders can learn from the spartans will to push through anything against all odds. So, by pushing our Marines until they give up and then pushing them more with expectaions of exelence can be a useful tool in teaching our Marines that they can jump over the wall instead of running into it. I would or would not recommend this book to my peers, and why: The author gives interesting facts about Spartan culture, its soldiers, attitudes of religion, and gripping battle scenes. The novel is extremely entertaining and gives a fascinating insight into courage, discipline, love, and war. Based on all of these reason I would recommend this book to anyone who enjoys reading of history or war.

Comparison of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Book versus Movie Essay

Comparison of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Book Vs. Movie For this paper, I chose the Roald Dahl modern fantasy book, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, and the film Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory. Dahl’s books are mostly fantasy and full of imagination. They are always a little cruel, but never without humor - a thrilling mixture of the grotesque and comic. A frequent motif is that people are not what they appear to be. Dahl's works for children are usually told from the point of view of a child, and they typically involve adult villains, usually women who hate and mistreat children, and feature at least one "good" adult to counteract the villain(s). However, this tale offers a different formula in that the adults in Charlie’s life are good. It is the children that he goes to the factory with that would be considered â€Å"bad† and there are consequences to their bad behavior. This paper will discuss some of the differences between the book and the film, as well as some of my own thoughts on the two. The film stars Gene Wilder as the eccentric chocolate maker, Peter Ostrum as Charlie, and Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe. The film was released in 1971. It was not a full musical in the usual sense, featuring only six songs. Some were notably well received, including "The Candy Man Can," and "The Oompa Loompa Song." "Cheer Up, Charlie" and "I've Got a Golden Ticket" are songs are regularly edited o...

I am Dina Maqdadi and I am not your traditional student

I am Dina Maqdadi, an eager student with hopes of being accepted in a law school, a mother to a fifteen month old boy and currently undergoing a high risk pregnancy due on the first of January. As of now, I am in one of the most uncomfortable situations a student could be in: The dilemma of being a young mother.I am also in one of the most challenging scenarios a mother could be in: The challenge of being a single parent.Being a single mother is truly a brave task set for me especially because I have many goals in life. I must learn to set aside personal interests. I must learn to be responsible for my welfare and be even more responsible for the welfare of others, my children.I have learned these things. I have learned to look at things positively and I have learned to do everything to make my goals attainable.I am a real estate agent with backgrounds in engineering and real estate. I have been exposed to different people with different stories. I have learned that though I am alrea dy a mother, I should not let my hopes die. Thus, I have made a decision to study law particularly intellectual property law.I am a mother and I should be good at making the right decisions for the good of my children. They serve as my inspiration to fulfill these dreams because by doing such, I am not only securing a bright future for myself but also of my children.As new opportunities decrease due to the high qualifications, it is hard for me, a single parent, to provide the necessities of my children. It is in this light that I request that you consider my admission to your law school to be competent in today’s world. By letting me study in your law school, you open to me a future that I can shape.I am not saying these for you to take pity on me I sat these because it is the truth. By accepting me, you have not only made a difference in my life but also to my children as well. By considering me as a student you will help me and my children make our dreams into realities.Th ank you and Godbless

Critically Discuss And Evaluate The Labour Government

Labour Government came to power in 1997, conveying a immense investing to the early old ages attention and instruction of kids. Announcing in the Childrens Plan, how it aims to do this state the best topographic point for kids to turn up. ( Winter, 2008 ) The National Childcare Strategy aimed to advance the wellbeing of kids, whilst back uping parents to accomplish a balance between work and household life by supplying high quality child care ( Potter, 2007 ) . Previously Governments had left childcare chiefly to household and private services, nevertheless the Labour Party are at the head of advancing the benefits of holding a high quality instruction. The National Curriculum topics of 1988 provide the anchor of the course of study and there was considerable mismatch between the new purposes and the specifications for the assorted topics. ( Ward, 2009 ) Since 2003 efforts in the UK to back up an aims-based course of study – that is to state, a course of study in which purpose s, one time selected, are to be realised by the most appropriate curricular agencies, instead than one in which purposes and course of study remain separate. Both Holmes and Nunn argued, in different ways, for a developmentalist history of acquisition, and this in bend left hint in both the Hadow and the Plowden Reports. ( Alexander, 2009 ) However, in the late sixtiess Robert Dearden produced a powerful review of the ‘child-centred ‘ place represented in these studies. Richard Peters emphasised the acquisition of cognition and apprehension for its ain interest and several outstanding theoreticians have followed him in this. More popular histories over the last 40 old ages of what instruction should be for hold tended to polarize this position and the position that kids should be allowed to develop of course, normally to the disadvantage of the latter. ( Alexander, 2009 ) Robert Dearden ‘s ain history, in footings of fiting scholars for a life of personal liberty within a moral model, has been developed farther by later authors. In recent decennaries the inclination of philosophical Hagiographas has been towards puting specific purposes like Dearden ‘s within larger scenes, so that their principle becomes more limpid. ( Alexander, 2009 ) There has therefore been much work on the publicity of personal wellbeing as a cardinal purpose, this being seen as a more inclusive construct than personal liberty. These philosophical geographic expeditions are now going progressively relevant to policy-making, given that well-being underpins the 2004 Children ‘s Act, the five Every Child Matters results and the 2007 Children ‘s Plan. The relationship between personal wellbeing and morality has besides been explored. The importance of instruction for continued development and planetary consciousness has become particularly outstanding in rece nt old ages. ( Parton, 2006 ) Many of these thoughts have impacted on authorities policies on purposes over the last 40 old ages, and have proved influential in course of study deliberations. Pressure for authoritiess to bring forth non merely lists of purposes but besides defendable principles for how they fit together continues, the progressively holistic histories of the theoreticians could good be of service. ( White, 2008 ) The involvement in the early old ages has besides been spurred by new research and scholarship in Fieldss such as neuroscience, developmental psychological science, and economic sciences. The release of the National Academy of Sciences study From Neurons to Neighborhoods ( Shonkoff and Phillips, 2000 ) brought new attending to research on early encephalon development and the importance of experiences in the early old ages for kid wellness and developmental results. At the same clip, economic expert James Heckman was stressing the importance of the early old ages for human capital formation, reasoning that investings made in the early old ages would put the foundation for larning in those old ages and in the hereafter ( Heckman and Lochner, 1999 ) . Heckman has besides joined with developmental psychologists in stressing that both cognitive and non-cognitive facets of development are eventful for ulterior life opportunities ( Heckman, 2003 ) . Further thrust for the turning involvement in early old ages policy is the handiness of strict grounds that high-quality intercessions can better kid development in the early old ages. Surveies of plans such as Nurse-Family Partnerships have found that high-quality early old ages plans can better kid wellness and development for deprived kids, in both cognitive and non-cognitive spheres ( Springate, 2008 ) . These consequences provide evidences for optimism that well-crafted policies could play a function in contracting spreads in school preparedness. At the same clip, nevertheless, there are clearly some bounds to what early old ages plans can carry through ( White, 2008 ) . Some part of the differences that emerge in the early old ages will be due to factors that are non readily altered by policy. A farther challenge is that non all early old ages plans are every bit effectual, high-quality plans are non cheap, and even the most promising theoretical account plans may non work ever y bit good when delivered on a large-scale. ( Springate, 2008 ) There are besides thorny issues to be grappled with sing the extent to which such plans are best delivered universally or targeted to disfavor groups. However, the historical bequest found in the re-emergence of the developmental attack in the Early Years Foundation Stage ( EYFS ) for kids aged 0-5, overlapping the primary stage of Early Learning Goals are specified for each of the six EYFS Areas of Learning and Development are in England the continuity of traditional topic, ( Kwon, 2002 ) but the topics had to be antiphonal to a new set of national purposes, interdisciplinary work encouraged, and scenes freer to invent their ain course of study within statutory restraints. The overall national purposes are treble: to enable all immature people to go successful scholars, confident persons, and responsible citizens. ( Pugh, 2005 ) The course of study is one that integrates attention, instruction and teaching method and this is apparent in the course of study papers which emphasises how kids should larn instead than what kids should larn. The EYFS comprises legal demands associating to larning, development and public assistance. It brings together the acquisition, development and public assistance demands and ends the differentiation between attention and acquisition and between the birth to three and three to five proviso. ( Kenny, 2006 ) Multi-agency partnership is indispensable to the bringing of the EYFS purposes. Percy-Smith ( 2006 ) provides a reappraisal of the grounds related to the development, bringing and effectivity of strategic partnerships. She argues that local strategic partnerships supervising and commissioning kids ‘s services have an of import portion to play in presenting the Government ‘s Every Child Matters ( ECM ) docket. Change for Children docket, the Children Act 2004, counsel on Lead Professionals, undertakings such as the execution of the Newborn Hearing Screening Programme, and the enlargement of Certain Start. ( Perry-Smith, 2006 ) The national rating of Early Support ( ES ) , the cardinal authorities programme designed to better multi-professional service proviso. ( Young, 2006 ) Equally good as research and rating of plans showing a strong instance for extremely qualified staff in early childhood scenes there is besides the inquiry of what type of staff will be needed in the hereafter. As we move towards more incorporate service bringing staffing becomes an issue ( Cameron, Mooney & A ; Moss, 2002 ) . In New Zealand considerable authorities outgo has been directed towards accomplishing a to the full qualified instructor work force by 2012 ( New Zealand Education Review Office, 2004 ) . A extremely trained and skilled work force is indispensable to supplying high quality child care. Presently the sector as a whole invest little in staff preparation and development, rewards are besides inveterate low. ( Broadhead, 2007 ) If the EYFS is to be delivered efficaciously preparation and support is indispensable non merely for new entrants to the work force but besides for bing staff. It is likely that authorities financess will necessitate to be invested to guaranti ng that all scenes are able to present the course of study. The presence of extremely qualified and experient staff has been systematically linked to high quality interactions between kids and grownups, and this is an of import factor in the societal, linguistic communication and cognitive development of kids in group scenes. Research indicates that specialised early childhood staff engage in well more developmentally appropriate interactions with kids of all ages ( Phillips, 1987 ) . The links between higher degrees of qualified staff and positive results for kids have been established ( Phillips, Mekos, Scarr, McCartney & A ; Abbott-Shim 2001 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cypnow.co.uk/Archive/929092/Early-Years-Foundation-Stage — -difference-year-made/

What was the function of disguise in The Odyssey, and how did it impact Odysseuss development as a character

What was the function of disguise in The Odyssey, and how did it impact Odysseuss development as a character All through The Odyssey, by Homer, the reader observes that disguise has been adopted by different characters either to complicate or facilitate their or another character’s passage across the world. As a matter of fact, some characters assume multiple disguises throughout the course of the narrative. Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on What was the function of disguise in The Odyssey, and how did it impact Odysseus’s development as a character? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Athena, the goddess, for instance, puts on no less than three disguises. It is not only the goddess who puts on disguise though; Odysseus also pulls of the disguise power to progress his goals and objectives. Odysseus was the king of Ithaca at the time when Palamedes sent him to the Trojan War which lasted for a ten year time period. The story begins when Odysseus with his crewjourney back to Ithaca, his homeland, as a T rojan War’s valiant hero. He sets sail for Ithaca but in the face of fate wonders for a decade when his ships were instantly drifted to Thrace by a violent storm. It was the beginning of an expedition. Throughout the epic poem, The Odyssey, the function of disguise helped the hero, Odysseus, to develop through humility and understanding, which eventually led the character back to Ithaca, with the aid of the goddess Athena. Odysseus faces many challenges and tragedies during this adventure. During his travel back home, he was put to trialon different occasions bymonstrosity that nearly destroyed him. His intelligence and sly behavior made him pull through the various dangerous situations he met. Ultimately, he succeeded in getting back home and this, he owes to Athena, the goddess, who constantly supported him throughout his travel. Athena incessantly favored Odysseus, as witnessed in The Odyssey, when Zeus, on Athena’s behalf, had ordered him to release from the isla nd of Calypso where he had been held captive for seven years. Unfortunately, Poseidon noticed him floating in the waters and was compelled to make him drown, had it not been for goddess Ino who saved him. Later, Odysseus reached Phaecia city where he encountered Athena disguised as king Alcinous daughter. The following excerpt supports that, indeed, goddess Athena helped him (Homer and Johnston 111).Advertising Looking for critical writing on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"Straight to his house the clear eyed Pallas went, full of plans for great Odysseus journey home. She made her way to the gaily painted room where a young girl lay asleep†¦Nausicaa, the daughter of generous King Alcinous†¦The goddess drifted through like a breath of fresh air†¦in face and form like the shimpan Dymas’ daughter†¦Disguised, the bright-eyed goddess chided†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (117). At hena also had to pour a sea fog around Odysseus so as to protect him and then she assumed the shape of a little girl and showed him the way to the palace (Homer and Johnston 111-112). Athena again used this tactic when Odysseus had safely reached his homeland. The goddess did not want the people to notice his return until he had taken revenge upon the suitors of his wife. Zeus’ daughter Athena had made it a foggy day, so that people might not know of his having come, and that she might tell him everything without either his wife or his fellow citizens and friends recognizing him until he had taken his revenge upon the wicked suitors(185). Back in his homeland way before the Trojan War, Odysseus was a king. He had a wife and a son whom he had left an infant during the time when he had to leave for Troy. In disguise as a stranger, Odysseus had managed to convince Alcinous to bring him back to his homeland. He had to put away his pride so as to get the much needed help in reachi ng home. â€Å"And there Odysseus stood, gazing at all this bounty, a man who’d borne so much†¦Once he’d had his fill of marveling it all.† (141). Athena had also disguised him as a beggar so as to get revenge against the suitors. With this, Odysseus had to again cast away his pride (Homer and Johnston 148). Athena explains to him: â€Å"First I will transform you-no one must know you. I will shrivel the supple skin on your lithe limbs, strip the russet curls from your head and deck you out in rags you’d hate to see some other mortal wear; I’ll dim the fire in your eyes, so shinning once†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (253) Once again, Odysseus displays much loss of pride when he comes across a goat herder who mocks and kicks him but was capable of rationalizing the situation. This signaled maturity in his part having been a man of inordinate self-esteem. Later on, he was able to put aside his identity and egoism even when in disguise (Homer and Johnston 235 ).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on What was the function of disguise in The Odyssey, and how did it impact Odysseus’s development as a character? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The use of disguise was helpful as it allowed Odysseus to survey his palace and identify those who had remained loyal and those who had not. Emmaus was one of such great men who displayed loyalty to his king even in his long absence. This is noted when he says: â€Å"Not even my parents at home, where I was born and bred. I miss them less than I do him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (354). He displays further loyalty by showing a feeling of disgust toward the suitors which really moves Odysseus. Another token of loyalty is shown by his dog, Argos, who was merely a puppy at the time when Odysseus left and was at the point an old dog. The dog recognized his old master, wagged his tail then died. The fact that his wife, Penelope, did not r emarry in spite of the many suitors who courted her, shows a great height of loyalty. Other loyal people were his son Telemachus, and Eurykleia, his old nurse. The opposite case is with the suitors and more especially Antinous who rudely hurled a chair at him when in disguise had announced that Odysseus would return (Homer and Johnston 367-389). Boiling over Antinous gave him a scathing look and let fly. ‘Now you won’t get out the hall unscarred, I swear not after such a filthy string of insults!’ With that he seized the stool and hurtled it-Square in the back it struck Odysseus†¦ (369). Eventually, Odysseus successfully vanquished the suitors and was able to reclaim his castle. Upon bringing back Odysseus adventures from his battle with the monsters though his landing home to his reclaiming the palace, it is noted that his wit and guise aided him put through his hardships, of course, with the help of Athena who revealed it to him after he had landed in Ith aca. Sure enough, the function of disguise helped the hero, Odysseus, to develop through humility and understanding, which eventually led the character back to Ithaca, with the aid of the goddess Athena.Advertising Looking for critical writing on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Odysseus journey was much of a self-discovery. It served as a realization of what it takes to be a leader, thus, enhanced his maturity. In conclusion, the importance of disguise in the Odyssey was not only that of pragmatic purposes (to help Odysseus on his journey back home to Ithaca), it also psychologically impacted Odysseus for the better, which helped him complete his hero-cycle. Homer. Odyssey. Trans. Ian C. Johnston. New York: Richer Resources Publications, 2007. Print

Public Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Finance - Essay Example This work looks into the experience of South Korea and identifies a few lessons in public finance. Describing the Asian Crisis as a financial crisis, Heo and Sumwoong reported that South Korea prior to the crisis, â€Å"average a growth close to 10% per year† commencing in the early 1960s (490). The authors described the Asian Crisis as a failure of a development paradigm premised on a statist approach that called for a strong government role in the economy (490). Statism or statist pertains to a strong role of the state. In their assessment, Heo and Sumwoong estimated that in 1997, the exchange rate against the dollar â€Å"went from below 900 won to the dollar that summer to around 900 won to the dollar the summer to around 1,500 in mid-November† (490). Kwan attributed the financial crisis in South Korea to the South Korean government practice of targeting large conglomerates in Korea known as chaebols and extending to chaebols various types of government assistance a nd support. According to Kim, the chaebols in both the banking and corporate sectors received a lion’s share of government financial assistance (5). Assistance and guarantees of assistance to the chaebols â€Å"led to a rapid rise in industrial concentration but also rendered Korea’s corporate sector and the economy vulnerable to external shocks† (Kim 5). ... wings by the corporate sectors on the banks and over-investment and excessive loans of the banks to risky investments which were thought to be good investments because of government guarantees (Kim 5-6). With this as background, â€Å"by the end of 1996 the average debt-equity ratio of the top 30 chaebols reached 400%, which was twice the international banking norm of 200%† (Kim 5). Kim presented the table below to describe how the Asian crisis affected Korea during the late 1990s. Table 1. Macroeconomic Indicators of South Korea, 1994-1998 Source: Table 1 of Kim (8) In Table 1, we see that the Asian crisis caused South Korea to acquire a 7% unemployment rate in 1998 from the usual of 2% and to have a negative 5.8% real gross domestic product growth rate from the usual positive real GDP growth rate. We also see in Table 1 that the won/dollar exchange rate deteriorated from the usual 700-800/won to a won/dollar rate of more than 1,000. For Kim, the â€Å"most significant blund er was the decision for an abrupt financial liberalization in 1996 when Korea did not have a fully developed, market-disciplined financial system† (10). According to Kim, â€Å"many newly-created financial institutions, called the ‘merchant banks,’ procured foreign currency funds on short-term basis which were used for long-term investment in Southeast Asian Countries like Thailand and Indonesia† (Kim 10). This was the formula for a multiple whammy or multiple blows: it was bad enough that South Korea is vulnerable to a crisis (as the policy of state support for chaebols encouraged the banks to put money on risky investments) but South Korean investments on countries equally vulnerable to crises complicated the risk, problem, or vulnerability by so many times. The Kim material of year 2000 used

Interpersonal Conflict in Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interpersonal Conflict in Film - Essay Example Based on the movie presented, there were two identified sources of conflict. One of these conflicts is the people-focused conflicts and the other one is the informational deficiencies. People-focused conflicts were based on emotions and feelings and present an argument by means of personal attack (Hammond, 2011, n.p.). People-focused conflict was demonstrated on the film when Sarah attacked the personal integrity of Hitch as a date doctor, seeing Hitch’s job as a scam. People-focused conflict does not only center on the main characters since it is a movie dealing with emotions. In fact, people-focused conflicts were also observed on Albert’s confrontation with Hitch telling him that love was not Hitch’s life but his job; on Sarah’s best friend attacking the integrity of the unknown date doctor; on a newspaper vendor judging Albert as Allegra’s boyfriend; and on people in the story who judged Hitch’s personality. Actually, the movie projected a predominantly people-focused conflict against the main actor, making him the person to blame for all of the related conflicts.  On the other hand, informational deficiencies such as misinterpretation from different conclusions were observed. This was demonstrated on judging Hitch unfairly as a date doctor. His viewpoints about his work have been different from the understanding of society and interpersonal conflict arises because of misunderstanding.Effective Handling of Conflict  

Correlation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Correlation - Essay Example A negative correlation means that the changes in the variables are not uniform. In other words, when one variable increases the other decreases and vice versa. The correlation between different variable are in different cases are analyzed here. This analysis basically relates to the internet subsidies in Public Schools. "Policymakers and analysts have argued that public schools are a natural place to teach underserved populations about computers and increase access to new technology." (Goolsbee & Guryan, 2003). The correlation between the variable A and variable B of school lunch program can be seen first. The variable A is the number of students who are eligible for school lunch. The variable B is the amount of funding received by the school. Different types of correlation can occur between these two variables. A positive correlation between the two variables means that adequate funds are received by the school in order to provide lunch for the students at the school. This refers to the proper working of the system. A negative correlation between the two variables means that even though there are adequate numbers of students eligible for the lunch, the schools don't receive the necessary fund for providing the students with proper lunch. The third case is where the correlation between the two variables is minimal. This is rather a neutral case where the condition is that there are no eligible students and funds are not required by the schools. Correlation between subsidy and age of students There is a positive, negative and neutral correlation between the subsidy and age of students. Here the variable A is the impact of subsidy and variable B is the age of students at school. A positive correlation between these two variables means that the subsidy received by the school contains the students who satisfy the eligibility age for it. A negative correlation between these two variables means that even though the schools receive subsidy it does not actually satisfy the age criteria for availing the benefits. This means that the fund is directed not to the required area. Similarly a minimal correlation means that the schools don't satisfy the criteria only to certain extend and so they are not able to avail the benefits of the subsidy. Correlation between classrooms and student performance The intention behind connecting classrooms with the latest internet facility is to ensure better performance of the students. In this case the variable A is the number of classrooms connected with internet. The variable B is the performance of the students in the test conducted. The correlations between these two variables are very much relevant because the actual results of the spending are understood by this. A positive correlation means that the classrooms are connected with better internet facilities and the students are provided the most modern internet facilities in the classrooms and the performance level of the students is very higher in the test. This shows that the nation has benefited by investment in facilities. A negative correlation means the classrooms are connected with internet and the students does not show sufficient improvement in their performance. This is a failure. A minimal correlation means that there are neither internet facili

Business and International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business and International Law - Essay Example One of them is that a flag state must have an established maritime organization capable of enforcing all international and national regulations and secondly is that a flag state must be a member of International Maritime Organization (IMO) that adopt the IMO's maritime safety Resolutions and Conventions. Mr. and Mrs. Lowell boarded one of the Diversified Worldwide Industries Inc. DWI's Small cruise ships known as Minnow for a week long journey from Miami. The Minnow flied the flag of Liberia. They returned to their cabin one of the nights and found two ship employees removing cash and Mrs. Lowell jewellery from their luggage. This paper discusses my duty as the VP for Risk Management of Diversified Worldwide Industries Inc. It will discuss how I will develop knowledge and expertise in all areas of business law, consult with corporate and outside counsel on legal matters, advice the board as to available options to reduce or minimize the risk and liability of DWI in its ongoing activi ties Mr. and Mrs. Lowell boarded one of the Diversified Worldwide Industries Inc. DWI's Small cruise ships known as Minnow for a week long journey from Miami. The Minnow flied the flag of Liberia. They returned to their cabin one of the nights and found two ship employees removing cash and Mrs. Lowell jewellery from their luggage. Mr. This paper discusses my duty as the VP for Risk Management of Diversified Worldwide Industries Inc. It will discuss how I will develop knowledge and expertise in all areas of business law, consult with corporate and outside counsel on legal matters, advice the board as to available options to reduce or minimize the risk and liability of DWI in its ongoing activities Business and International Law Mr. and Mrs. Lowell boarded one of the Diversified Worldwide Industries Inc. DWI's Small cruise ships known as Minnow for a week long journey from Miami. The Minnow flied the flag of Liberia. They returned to their cabin one of the nights and found two ship employees removing cash and Mrs. Lowell jewellery from their luggage. Mr. Lowell struggled with the robbers until he collapsed and suffered a fatal heart attack in the process. Mrs. Lowell was later locked inside the cabin restroom as the robbers escaped. The ship docked in Grand Cayman a few hours later and the robbers escaped with the cash and the jewellery stolen from Lowell's'. Mrs. Lowell was rescued after the ship left Grand Cayman and she identified the two employees who robbed them in a photo line up. My duty as the VP for Risk Management I will develop knowledge and expertise in all areas of business law, consult with corporate and outside counsel on legal matters, advice the board as to available options to reduce or minimize the risk and liability of DWI in its ongoing activities Despite the fact that the DWI cruise had a "flag of convenience", it had to comply with SOLAS standards and other international conventions monitored by the port states and the flag. For this case, DWI should be aware that the flag state has a key responsibility of ensuring that the cruise has all the requirements and guidelines established internationally. An annual ship examination is required whereby the cruise is thoroughly inspected to ensure that its safety systems are operational. 1 The DWI ought to be aware that since its cruise had a "flag of convenient", they are governed by a regulatory agency of maritime experts that ensures that the shipping firm is compliant with the laws of commercial vessels that are registered in that country in areas of practices and operational procedures. (International Council of Cruise Line, 2006) DWI also ought to be aware that the interest of a small cruise like Minnow with a passenger capacity of 16 is represented by an International Council of Cruise Lines (ICCL) that serves as a consultative non governmental organization to the International Maritime Organization. Its aim as a trade association is to ensure there is development of regulatory and policy

History of Indian National Congress

History of Indian National Congress INTRODUCTION Development of the Indian economy through Labour legislations: an examination on how the Indian National Congress developed Indian economy by Labour legislations. This proposal outlines the research I intend to undertake to complete the requirements of LLM. INTRODUCTION History of Indian National Congress Party:- Before discussing about the economic developments brought by legislations of Indian National Congress Party in India, there should be a fair idea about Indian National Congress Party. The foundation of The Indian National Congress was laid on 28th December 1885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay with only 72 delegates attending the event. Allan Octavian Hume a prominent Englishman and civil servant then in India assumed office as general secretary and Womesh Chandra banerjee of Calcutta was elected president. Two other British members (both Scottish civil servants )were members of the founding group. Primarily The Indian National Congress aimed at inculcating a feeling of National unity and eradicating differences arising out of race, creed and provisional prejudices. Moreover finding solution to the social problems of the country and seek the co-operation of all Indians in this doing and allow all to take part in the countrys administrative affairs. Then at the beginning The Indian National Congress Party had a dominance of prominent Hindu leaders which led to a negative notion amongst the prominent Muslim citizens of the country. Moreover the ordinary population of India was not at all concerned about the organization. Any issue addressed, may it be the social oppression or the prejudiced negligence of the peoples concerns by British Authority, lack of health care and poverty, was not heard and The Indian National Congress Party was perceived as an institution of then educated and wealthy people. But it did not take Congress long to gain popularity. The members of The Indian National Congress understood the need to have a voice in the ruling British Government without which no changes can be brought about by the party. Among the very early members who understood the need and embraced the idea of Swaraj were Lokmanya tilak and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. There was an emergent need of voice in the government and this nationalist sentiment of being a part and representing the government bodies was personified by a prominent member Dadabhai Naoroji who successfully contested an election to the British House of Commons, thus becoming the eldest Indian statesman. He was aided in this election campaign by aspiring young students of India like Muhammad Ali Jinnah who later became the first prime minister of Pakistan. The Indian national Congress played the most important role under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in the liberation of India from the British rule. The Indian National Congres s acted as the main platform for the National Freedom Struggle, beard the torch for secular politics and unified the divergent forces in the country. The Indian National Congress also laid the foundation for national parliamentary democracy. On 15th August, 1947 India became independent with the Indian National Congress Supreme at center and in all state legislatures. Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister of India who described independence for the country to be freedom for her people. India under his leadership eventually emerged as the exemplar for all humanity with unity based on the celebration of diversity. From the very beginning of its independent existence, Indian government was reeling with poverty problem, rising unorganized labour sectors, rural illiteracy, extreme lack of infrastructure and basic amenities. While the main organized force behind making the Indian National Congress successful was the working class, distinctly. The historic dimensions of labour and employee legislations date back to the times of Indian freedom movement, when the Indian National Congress focused on the poor state of the labour class under the British rule. The struggle for freedom of India was mainly supported b y civil disobedience which meant that no worker would work inflicting loss to the British Government. Background of labour legislation by the Indian National Congress in India After Independence, naturally, the labouring class of India kept high hopes from the Indian National Congress and wanted much preference. But the early prime ministers of India representing the Indian National Congress were unable to recognize this fact which led to rise to unpopularity among them. When Indira Gandhi was elected prime minister of India from the Indian National Congress, she recognized the issue and galvanized the party with a slogan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Garibi Hataoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This established an integral and dynamic link with the downtrodden, poorest of the poor and the underprivileged giving impetus to economic growth, social justice and combined industrialization with technological development, agriculture and self reliance. This era can be marked in the history of the India by significant labour legislations to cope up with the growing industrialization in the country. The primary employee of an industry is its labour force. The labour force in India migrated from the rural areas to the urban areas and was classified as arrogant, illiterate, uncontrollable, undisciplined, untrained and unskilled; this assessment was made on the organized labour which constituted only 8% of the countrys total labour force. The rest fell under the category of unorganized sector who were not totally taken care of. The then Indian employee legislation, oriented to the safeguarding of employees and protecting them against all exploitation. These government controlled legislation were bannered under labour commissioners, labour officer conciliation, inspectorates, enforcement officers and others. The Indian National Congress also aimed by these legislations to the grooming of employees by industrial training. On the contrary, it was natural on the part of the Indian employer to extend his arms towards maximum profits, who invested money, in setting up and running an organization, through their own sources or by joint venture or by loans from different financial institution. This resulted in the exploitation of human resource and reduced quality of production under the wrong notion of more production at low cost. Simultaneously, the employers were surrounded by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Yes Sirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? officers who were unable to give proper advice when a crisis emerged. All the managers namely labour, personal or the human resource managers were ill-equipped to achieve industrial harmony and peace or industrial democracy. The executives thus needed urgent training in labour legislations, sociology, psychology etc. The trade unions, a necessary evil, stood as a headache for the gove rnment. The trade union movement dates back to the pre independent era in India and is still a ripe and proper source for the working class to get themselves heard by the authorities and government. The Indian National Congress tried its level best to codify the labour laws. To guarantee protection and social security to the labouring class the Indian National Congress led government enacted several labour laws, such as:- The Factories Act of 1948 The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 The Minimum Wages Act. The Employees Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 The Payment of Bonus Act,1965 The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1962 Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 Each and every Act above listed had specific purposes. THE NEED AND PURPOSE OF THE WORK Though the reformatory labour legislations by the Indian National Congress have brought forward economic boom in India. The main purpose of it was to secure the interests and well being of the labour class and encourage more people to work in industries hence promoting speedy industrialization of the nation. Over the years, the main agenda and purpose behind those legislations have lost their significance. The labour legislations have significantly shown parallel dimensions, one detrimental another betterment and advancement of lives of the working class along with the socio-economic condition of the country respectively. A review on Indian labour laws consisting rights of labours is urgently needed, particularly keeping in mind the growth of industry and services. The most important issues which were identified over the years in the area of labour reforms are multiple and parallel labour legislations, issues relating to appropriate government and jurisdictions, multiplicity of authorities, lack of uniformity in definition, minimum wages and malicious inspection reports. There also are some loopholes in legislations on recently evolved industry times like the SEZs. In the recent years it has been witnessed that the ruling government i.e. the Indian National Congress party is losing its tracks of labour welfare and drifting towards globalization of the economy, whilst the working class is getting exploited as new scopes of legislations are evolving which have less or no governing labour legislations to facilitate them. This work will investigate the problems encountered by the different sectors of the labouring class, the discrepancies in labour legislations and try to find solution to the emerging problems and loop holes in the legislations. This research will provide a rigorous analysis of the available academic literature, government commission reports and legal reviews combined with primary research into the ways the legal legislations in India brought forward national economic growth and how can this growth be made sustainable by correcting the flaws and loopholes in the legislation of labour laws, making them at par with the present boom in economy and national industrial growth. AIM à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a critical evaluation on the development of Indian economy through labour legislations by the Indian National Congress party.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? OBJECTIVES A critical investigation on the political and legal development within Indian society during the rule of the Indian National Congress party. A critical analysis of the impact of the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations on the Indian economy. Present status of socio economic conditions of India brought forward by the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations. LITERATURE REVIEW à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A nation may do without its millionaires and without its capitalists, but a nation can never do without its labourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?- (Mahatma Gandhi) India is a federal republic. Constitutionally she is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sovereign secular democratic republicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In the eighteenth century, while under British rule, India was not only a great agricultural country but also a great manufacturing country too. The looms supplied by India fed the European and Asian countries. But the British Government as a matter of policy discouraged the Indian manufacturers to encourage the rising manufacturers of England. The British oppression led to the rise and growth of the Indian Nationalism with the Indian National Congress party in the forefront. The urge of economic reforms and industrialization was evident in India from that very era. Eventually planned industrialization became Indias main goal for economic development. After gaining independence the ruling Indian National Congress party immediately understood the need of industrialization to strengthen the economy and bring overall national development. The newly elected to power I ndian National Congress party then knew its need to protect, promote and safeguard the interests of the labour and working class to serve both its political purpose and to uphold the countrys economy. In India there have been a number of labour legislations till date for the purpose of promoting the interests of labour keeping in view the industrial development and growth national economy. Before independence, India hardly had any labour welfare schemes. Soon after independence, the government adopted the industrial truce resolution in December 1947. Following this several legislations were enacted like Factories Act 1948, Employees State Insurance Act 1948, The payment of Bonus Act 1965 and Minimum Wages Act 1948. RESEARCH SCOPE There is a sea of academic literature on Indian labour legislations and enactments by the Indian National Congress party, so it is especially necessary to ensure that the literature review remains focused on the research objectives. I have trawled academic search engines fairly well for this proposal, but will need to continue this to ensure the pool of academic papers and books available to me is comprehensive. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research will follow interpretive and positive research philosophy, a deductive research approach along with a qualitative research strategy. Why a positive and interpretive research philosophy? The research philosophy adopted for a piece of primary research under pins the way that research is carried out by defining à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the way [the researcher] think about the development of knowledge (Saunders et al 2003). Here a positive and the interpretive research philosophy can be applied because the labour legislations done by Indian national congress have had a positive effect on the growth of the Indian economy as a whole. This philosophy can be understood by reviewing the history of Indian national politics, its policies and the enactment of specific labour laws facilitating healthy industrial growth by promotion of labour welfare policies along with safe guarding employer interests. WHY A DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH? There is increasing research available on the success and failures of Indian labour legislations, the contributions of the Indian National congress party to the development and upliftment of Indian socio economic standards, labour laws facilitating healthy industrialization and industrial policies etc. While the objectives of this research proposal are clear:- A critical investigation on the political and legal development within Indian society during the rule of the Indian National Congress party, A critical analysis of the impact of the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations on the Indian economy, Present status of socio economic conditions of India brought forward by the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations. This would suggest a deductive approach to the research although, as with the research philosophy, a pure approach of either a wholly inductive or wholly deductive approach is unlikely. So overall, this research will generally follow a deductive app roach, with some of the ingredients of induction. WHY A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH STRATEGY? This research will be underpinned by a series of structured interviews with academic persons, leading labour lawyers, sociologists and if possible member politicians of the Indian National Congress Party. A quantitative approach is not being taken as the type of research questions and the time available for the research would suggest that a small number of in-depth interviews are likely to provide sufficient information to the insight of the issue. RESEARCH METHODS Secondary research Critical examination of the existing academic literature will be an important element of the dissertation and will help in the formulation of questions to ask in the primary research. In essence, I will research and critically analyze published literature on labour legislation in the pre and post independence era of India, Indian national Congress partys popularity and growth due to labour support, the Indian national Congress partys attempts to organize the work force in the nation through labour legislation, positive effects on the Indian economy due to good and timely labour and industrial law enactments. Efforts will also be made to identify the problems in labour legislations with the attempt to underline the loop holes in the laws enacted. Finally the review will consider literature which identifies the qualities of a good evaluation checklist. Primary research The Primary research will in the first instance compare the existing labour laws in India with the industrial growth. Attempts will also be taken to compare the political success of the Indian National Congress relating to the legislations it brought forward. A comparative study on the legislations of labour policies and economic boom in India will also be done. Approaches will then be made to potential interviewees from the following groups :- Academic personalities A few leading labour lawyers Sociologists And possibly a handful of member politicians of the Indian National Congress Party A structured questionnaire for use in interviewing the above will be drafted for comment from my dissertation supervisor, Interviews will then be arranged and carried out using a structured interview approach to determine views on (a) on the political and legal development within Indian society during the rule of the Indian National Congress party (b) on the impact of the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations on the Indian economy. (c) on the present status of socio economic conditions of India brought forward by the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations. Based on the above research produce conclusions, recommendations and a discussion paper for outlining the further labour legislations scopes in less legislated labour issues in India. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS Firstly, I do not intend to interview many sociologists and member politicians of the Indian Nation Congress party. This is due to the reason that this group of men are not easily accessible and the data that can be extracted from the politicians will be inadequate as they were not in activity in the past years of pre independence to immediate post independence era. Secondly, the time available to me for completion of this research will be a factor. I would get only 3 days a week to concentrate on my research work as a whole. Third of all there should be great difficulty to gain access to the sources interviewed as all of them have busy schedules and facilitating me with an appointment to answer my questionnaire will be difficult and problematic for them.